德黑兰的城市规划与发展城市规划专业毕业外文翻译原文及译文.docx

德黑兰的城市规划与发展城市规划专业毕业外文翻译原文及译文.docx

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德黑兰的城市规划与发展城市规划专业毕业外文翻译原文及译文

Urbanplanninganddevelopmentin

Tehran

AliMadanipour

DepartmentofArchitecture,PlanningandLandscape,NewcastleUniversity,Newcastle,UnitedKingdom

Availableonline25September2006

Withapopulationofaround7millioninametropolitanregionof12millioninhabitants,Tehranisoneofthelargercitiesoftheworld.Thispaperchartsitsplanninganddevelopmentthroughtheages,particularlysincethemid-20thcentury,aperiodinwhichthecityhasgainedmostofitsphenomenalgrowth.Threephasesareidentifiedinthishistoricalprocess,withdifferenttypesofurbanplanningexercisedthroughinfrastructuredesignanddevelopment,landuseregulation,andpolicydevelopment.

_2006ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:

Planning,Urbangrowth,Iraniancities

Planningthroughinfrastructuredesignanddevelopment:

foundationsforgrowth

ThefirstphaseofTehran’splanningreferstotheperiodbeforetheSecondWorldWar,wherebyat

leastthreemajoreffortssettheframeworkforthecity’sgrowthanddevelopment:

wallingthecity

（1550s）,expandingthewalledcity（1870s）andbuildinganewurbaninfrastructure（1930s）.Theywereallledbythegovernment’sabilityanddesiretoinstigatechangeandshapethecitythroughundertakinglarge-scaleinfrastructureprojects.

TehranwasavillageoutsidetheancientcityofRay,whichlayatthefootofmountDamavand,thehighestpeakinthecountry,andattheintersectionoftwomajortradehighways:

theeast–westSilkRoadalongthesouthernedgeofAlburzmountainsandthenorth–southroutethatconnectedtheCaspianSeatothePersianGulf.RayhadbeeninhabitedforthousandsofyearsandwasthecapitaloftheSeljukdynastyinthe11thcentury;however,itdeclinedattheendofthemedievalperiod,whenTehranstartedtogrow（Lockhart,1960）.

Thefirstlarge-scaletownplanningexerciseinTehranwasundertakenin1553,withtheconstructionofabazaarandcitywalls,whichweresquareandhadgatesonfoursides,inaccordancewiththepatternofancientPersiancities（Barthold,1984）.Thissettheframeworkforotherdevelopmentsthatfollowed,andthecitygrewinsignificance,eventuallytobeselectedin1785asthecapitaloftheQajardynasty（1779–1925）.

Onbecomingthecapital,thecityswelledbycourtiersandsoldiers,whowerefollowedbytradesandservices.Fromapopulationof15,000attheendofthe18thcentury,Tehrangrewtenfoldbythe1860s,witha10thofitsinhabitantsnowlivingoutsidetheoldwalls（Ettehadieh,1983）.Thecountry’smilitarydefeatsinitsencounterswithBritainandRussiahadengenderedaprocessofreform,whichwasnowbeingextendedtothecapitalcity.Thesecondlarge-scaletownplanningexerciseinTehran,therefore,wasconductedforaccommodatinggrowthandintroducingmodernizationandreform.Startingin1868andlastingfor12years,newcitywalls,intheformofaperfectoctagonwith12gates,wereconstructed,whichweremoreusefulforgrowthmanagementandtaxcollectionthanfortheirdefensivevalue.Selectionasthecapitalcityandthesetransformations,whichincludedanewcentralsquare,newstreets,abank,aninstituteoftechnology,ahospital,atelegraphhouse,hotelsandEuropean-styleshops,were,accordingtoaBritishobserver,a‘‘twofoldrenaissance’’forTehran（Curzon,1892,p.300）.

Thecitycontinuedtogrowandpressureformodernizationintensified,whichwasmanifestedintheConstitutionalRevolutionof1906.Amodernmunicipalitywasestablishedin1910,transformingtheoldsystemofurbangovernance.AftertheFirstWorldWar,thePahlavidynastycametopowerandthislastedfrom1925to1979.Thenewregime’semphasiswasonsecularismandnationalism,whichwerereflectedinadministrativecentralization,modernizationofthearmy,expansionofbureaucracy,developmentofatransportnetwork,integrationofregionsintoanationalmarket,andrestructuringtownsandcities（Abrahamian,1982）.The1930switnessedwidespreadroad-wideningschemesthattoreapartthehistoricurbanfabric,makingthemaccessibletomotorvehicles.ThecityofTehranthuswentthroughitsthirdmajortownplanningexercise.Thecitywallsofthe1870swerefartoorestrictiveforagrowingcity.By1932,populationdensityhaddoubledto105personsperhectareandathirdofthepopulationlivedoutsidethewalls.Inadditiontodemographicpressure,thearrivalofmotorvehicles,theregime’sdesiretocontrolurbanpopulationsandtomodernizetheurbaninfrastructureledtoasubstantialtransformationofthecapital,inwhichitwas‘‘radicallyre-plannedandre-built’’（Lockhart,1939,p.11）.Newboulevardswerebuiltontheruinsofthecitywallsandmoats,aspartofatransportnetworkof218kmofnewroads.Thewalledroyalcompoundwasfragmentedandreplacedbyanewgovernmentquarter;retailerswereencouragedtomovetonewstreetsandtoabandontheoldstreetsofthebazaar;andnewbuildingsandinstitutionssprangupalloverthecity.Thenewstreetnetworkwasimposedonthewindingstreetsofoldneighborhoods,withtheaimsofunifyingthespaceofthecity,overcomingthetraditionalfactionalsocialstructure,easingthemovementofgoods,servicesandmilitaryforces,strengtheningthemarketeconomyandsupportingthecentralizationofpower.Thecitywasturnedintoanopenmatrix,whichwasamajorstepinlayingthefoundationsforfurthermodernizationandfutureexpansion.Theimmediateresultwasthegrowthofthecityfrom310,000inhabitantsin1932to700,000in1941.

Theselarge-scaleurbanplanninganddevelopmentphasesofTehranwerealleffortsatmodernization,instigatingandmanagingradicalchange.However,whilethefirstphasehaduseddistinctivelyancientPersianimageryandlocalexpertise,thesecondandthirdphasesemployedEuropeanimagesandexperts,primarilyfromFranceandGermany.Whattheseearlytownplanningeffortssharedwasthattheywereallenvisagingaparticularnewformandimplementingitthroughthe（re）developmentoftheurbanenvironment;theywereallplansforamajorseriesofphysicalchangesexecutedinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.

Thereformsinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyopenedupthecity’ssocietyandspacetoneweconomicandculturalpatterns,andunleashedcentrifugalanddialecticforcesthatexplodedintwomajorrevolutions.Economically,thecitystartedtobeintegratedintotheworldmarketasaperipheralnode.Embracingthemarketeconomydividedthecityalongthelinesofincomeandwealth,whilenewculturalfaultlinesemergedalonglifestyleandattitudetowardstraditionandmodernity.Richandpoor,whousedtolivesidebysideintheoldcity,werenowseparatedfromoneanotherinapolarizingcity.Moreover,modernizerswelcomedlivinginnewneighborhoodsandfrequentednewstreetsandsquares,whiletraditionalistscontinuedtoliveandworkintheolderpartsofthecity.Eversince,theseeconomicandculturalpolarizations—andtheirassociatedtensions—havecharacterizedIran’surbanconditions.

Planningthroughland-useregulation:

harnessingspeculativedevelopment

ThesecondtypeofplanningtoemergeinTehranwasinthe1960s,whichsawthepreparationofplans

toregulateandmanagefuturechange.Thecityhadgrowninsizeandcomplexitytosuchanextentthat

itsspatialmanagementneededadditionaltools,whichresultedinthegrowingcomplexityofmunicipal

organization,andinthepreparationofacomprehensiveplanforthecity.

AftertheSecondWorldWar,duringwhichtheAlliedforcesoccupiedthecountry,therewasaperiodofdemocratization,followedbypoliticaltensionsofthestartofthecoldwar,andstruggles

overthecontrolofoil.Thisperiodwasendedin1953byacoupdetatthatreturnedtheShahto

power,whothenactedasanexecutivemonarchforthenext25years.Withhighbirthratesandanintensificationofrural–urbanmigration,Tehran—andotherlargecities—grewevenfasterthanbefore.By1956,Tehran’spopulationroseto1.5million,by1966to3million,andby1976to4.5million;itssizegrewfrom46km²in1934to250km²in1976（Kariman,1976;Vezarat-eBarnamehvaBudgeh,1987）.

Revenuesfromtheoilindustryrose,creatingsurplusresourcesthatneededtobecirculatedandabsorbedintheeconomy.Anindustrializationdrivefromthemid-1950screatedmanynewjobsinbigcities,particularlyinTehran.Thelandreformsofthe1960sreleasedlargenumbersofruralpopulation

fromagriculture,whichwasnotabletoabsorbtheexponentialdemographicgrowth.Thisnewlabour

forcewasattractedtocities:

tothenewindustries,totheconstructionsectorwhichseemedtobealwaysbooming,toservicesandtheconstantlygrowingpublicsectorbureaucracy.Tehran’sroleasthe

administrative,economic,andculturalcentreofthecountry,anditsgatewaytotheoutsideworld,wasfirmlyconsolidated.

UrbanexpansioninpostwarTehranwasbasedonunder-regulated,private-sectordriven,speculativedevelopment.Demandforhousingalwaysexceededsupply,andasurplusoflaborandcapitalwasalwaysavailable;hencetheflourishingconstructionindustryandtherisingpricesoflandandpropertyinTehran.Thecitygrewinadisjointedmannerinalldirectionsalongtheoutgoingroads,integratingthesurroundingtownsandvillages,andgrowingnewsuburbansettlements.Thisintensifiedsocialsegregation,destroyedsuburbangardensandgreenspaces,andleftthecitymanagersfeelingpowerless.Adeputymayorofthecityin1962commentedthatinTehran,‘‘thebuildingsandsettlementshavebeendevelopedbywhomeverhaswantedinwhateverwayandwherevertheyhavewanted’’,creatingacitythatwas‘‘infactanumbero