雅思语法北雅内部文件.docx
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雅思语法北雅内部文件.docx
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雅思语法北雅内部文件
ComplexSentences
Complexsentencesaresentencesthathaveseveralparts,eachwithaverb,andthesepartsarejoinedby‘joiningwords’(连词). Forexample,herearetwo simplesentences:
“Iknowaman.Hehasfivechildren.”Ifyoujointhesetwosentencesbyusingtherelativepronoun(联系代名词) ‘who’,itnowbecomesa complexsentence:
“Iknowaman who hasfivechildren.”(Bytheway, ‘who’isnotpronouncedwithextrawordstresshere.Youonlystressthiswordwhenitmeans ‘谁?
’,whichisnotthecasehere.)
Itisimportanttoshowtheexaminerthatyoucanuseavarietyofwordstojoinsentencepartsinordertomakelonger,morecomplexsentences.Examinersarelookingatthisandifyoudon’tshowitwellenough,youwon’tgeta6(orabove)forgrammar. Thisisastrictrulethattheexaminersmustfollow,evenifotheraspectsofyourgrammarareverygood.
SomeExercisesonComplexSentences
Readthesimplesentences.
Thenreadthecomplexsentence(s)andtrytoguesswhatwordsgointheblankspaces.
Itispossibletosimplyusetheword,'and'inmanyoftheblankspacesbutyoushouldtrytousebetterwordsthanthat,althoughusing'and'isbetterthannothing.
∙
Example:
(Part1Question)WHYDOYOUSTUDYENGLISH?
“IneedtolearnEnglish.Englishisveryimportant.Englishwillhelpmegetagoodjob.Iwanttoworkininternationaltrade.I'mstudyinginternationaltraderightnow.”
“IneedtolearnEnglish _________isveryimportant __________it’llhelpmegetagreatjobininternationaltrade,________I'mstudyingrightnow.”
Question:
“Wouldyousaytheplacewhereyouliveisgoodforfamilieswithchildren?
”
Answer:
“Well,notreally,no,because ____________theapartmentsareallmodernandclean,thereareveryfewplacesforchildrentoplayoutside.”
“I’minterestedinsport.TherearemanyotherthingsthatI’minterestedin.I’minterestedincomputersandmusic.”
“I’minterestedinsport _________, ______________,therearemanyotherthingsthatI’minterestedin, __________ computersandmusic.”
“Threeyearsago,myfathergavemesomegoodadvice.Thisadvicewasveryuseful.Itsavedmefrommakingaveryunsuitablecareerchoice.”
“Threeyearsago,myfathergavemesomewonderfuladvice __________wasveryuseful_____________ itsavedmefrommakingaveryunsuitablecareerchoice.”
“WhenIwasinSecondYearofhighschool,Ihadamathsteacher.HisnamewasMr.Wang.Hereallychangedmylife.Heinspiredmetolovemathematics.”
“WhenIwasinSecondYearofhighschool,IhadamathsteachernamedMr.Wang ______reallychangedmylife______ inspiringmetolovemathematics.”
“Iworkinasoftwarecompany.I’macomputerprogrammer.Myworkisquitechallenging.Ourclientsusuallywantustowriteprogramsinashortperiodoftime.”
“Iworkinasoftwarecompany______acomputerprogrammer ______isquiteachallengingjob______________ourclientsusuallywantustowriteprogramsinashortperiodoftime.”
“Ilikewatchingfilms.Watchingfilmsismyfavouritepastime.Ilikecomedyfilms.Idon’tlikeviolentfilms.Idon’tlikehorrorfilms.”
“Watchingfilms,___________comedy,ismyfavouritepastime _________Idon’tlikefilmswithalotofviolence____horrorfilms.”
“Idon’tridemybicycleveryoften.Itakethebustouniversity.It’sfaster.Idousemybicycleontheweekends.AtthattimeIhavenoclasses.”
“Idon’tridemybicycleveryoften ____________it’sfastertotakethebustouniversity _____Idouseitontheweekends ________Ihavenoclasses.”
“Yes,Chinesepeopledolikegrowingflowers.Manypeopleliveinapartmentsincities.It’snoteasytogrowflowersinanapartment.Somepeoplehaveabalcony.Peoplesometimesgrowflowersontheirbalcony.Retiredpeoplesometimesgrowflowersontheirbalcony.”
“Yes, Chinesepeopledolikegrowingflowers ____ ,_________manypeopleliveinapartmentsincities, it’snoteasytogrowflowers, ____________,people________haveabalcony,____________retiredpeople,sometimesgrowflowersontheirbalcony.”
EXTRAPRACTICE
“Totellyouthetruth,Idon'tplaymuchsport.Idon'twalkmuch.Idrivemycareverywhere.Idrivemycartomyoffice.Myofficeisnearmyhome.Isometimesplaytabletennis.I'mquitegoodattabletennis.Iknowmoreexercisewouldgivememoreenergy.Ijustdon'tseemtofindthetimeforexercise.I'mtoobusywithmywork.”
“Totellyouthetruth,Idon'tplaymuchsport_____doIwalkmuch_________Idrivemycareverywhere,______tomyoffice,________isnearmyhome__________Isometimesplaytabletennis,_________I'mquitetalentedat.IknowI'dhavemoreenergy_____Ididmoreexercise______Ijustdon'tseemtofindthetimeforexercise__________I'mtoobusywithmywork.”
Belowaresomesuggestionsabout
makingcomplexsentences:
1.Don’tunnecessarilyrepeatthesamenoun – usepronounssuchas he,sheit,we,they,theone,theones and 联系代名词.
2.Showthatyoucanuse 联系代名词 – that,which,who,whom,where,when.
3.Showthatyoucanuse:
if,although(=though),eventhough,aswell(as),atthemoment,even,while,whereas,either,neither(+nor),unless,ratherthan,insteadof,assoonas,when,once,after,while,meanwhile,besides,inspiteof,despite,yet,still,provided(providing)that,except,inorderto,incase,dependingon,because,but,and,as,or, forexample, forinstance,like,suchas,by…
Howcanyoulearntousethesewordscorrectly?
Firstly,don’tguessatthemeaningorusageofthesewordsandphrases–useagooddictionarythathasbothEnglishandChinesetoseetheexactmeaningandusage.Forexample,the‘OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary’isagoodone.
AfteryoureadtheChinesemeaningandseetheexamplesentenceinthedictionary,writeabout5similarexamplesyourselfandthenspeakthesesentences(afterall,youarestudyingfortheSpeakingtest,notjusttheWritingtest).
4.Thefollowingadverbsarealsousedtolinkideaswithinasentence:
mainly, chiefly especially, particularly , predominantly,primarily, specially ,especially, specifically, mostly.Theseadverbscanbefound, HERE,inTableB3butnotallthewordsinTableB3areclassifiedaslinkingwords.
5.InEnglish,theword‘although’is not followedbytheword‘but’.Forexample, don’t say,“Althoughhe’snotverytall,buthe’sagoodbasketballplayer.”Thecorrectsentenceis,“Althoughhe’snotverytall,he’sagoodbasketballplayer.”
6.Whenyouwanttosay,‘因为’ use‘because’not,‘for’,or‘as’.ThesetwowordssoundtooformalineverydayspokenEnglish.Forexample,don’tsay,“I’msittingfortheIELTSexam as IwanttostudyinBritain.”It’smorenaturaltosay,“I’msittingfortheIELTSexam because IwanttostudyinBritain.”
Theword‘since’canbeusedinsteadoftheword,‘because’,especiallyatthebeginningofasentence.Forexample:
“Since I’mjustastudent,Idon’thaveenoughmoneytorentmyownflat.”Butifyouuse‘since’inthemiddleofasentence,italsosoundstooformal,althoughnotasformalas‘for’,or‘as’.
Noticethat,inChineseyousay “ 因为。
。
。
所以”butinEnglish,wedon'tsaythe 所以. Forexample:
“Because I’mjustastudent, so Idon’thaveenoughmoneytorentmyownflat”is notcorrect English.Thecorrectsentenceis:
“BecauseI’mjustastudent,Idon’thaveenoughmoneytorentmyownflat.”(Butthatsentenceisusuallymuchbetterifitiswrittenorspokenthisway:
“Idon’thaveenoughmoneytorentmyownflatbecauseI’mjustastudent.”)
Inadditiontonotsaying “so”,thereisanotherimportantpointtorememberaboutthistypeofsentence.AlthoughitispossibleinEnglishtobeginsentenceswith“because”,mostEnglishspeakersdon'tdoitveryoften,certainlynotasoftenasChinesepeoplespeakingEnglish.Instead,mostEnglishspeakerswouldre-phrasethesentenceaboveto:
“Idon’thaveenoughmoneytorentmyownflatbecauseI'mjustastudent.”Ontheotherhand,ifyousaid,“BecauseI’mjustastudent,Idon’thaveenoughmoneytorentmyownflat”inPart2orinanextendedanswerinPart3,itwouldnotsoundwrong.Theproblemariseswhentheexaminerasksyouaquestionsuchas,“Doyourentyourownflat?
”Itwouldbeunsuitabletoanswerbybeginningwiththe “Because”phrase becausethatanswer wouldnotbeadirectanswer andEnglishspeakersdonotspeakthatway.Instead,youshouldsay:
“No,Idon'tbecauseI'mjustastudentsoIdon'thaveenoughmoneytorentmyownflat.”
Ofcourse,Englishspeakersdooftenbeginsentenceswith “Because”inanswertoa“Why....?
”questionandifyouspeakthatway tobeginanansweronceortwice inthetestitwillhelpyourspeechsoundnatural.ButIsuggestyoudon'tbeginmanyanswerstoa“Why....?
”questionthatwaybecause,byspeakingthatway,youmightbelosingtheopportunitytoimpresstheexaminerwithbetterEnglish.Thebestexampleofthisistheanswertothequestion,“Whydidyouchoosetostudythatsubject?
”Ifyoubeginthisway:
“Ichosethat because...”youwillimpresstheexaminerbyusingthepasttenseandsecondly,youwillimpresstheexaminerwithyourknowledgeoftheword,“chose”,whichistheirregularpastformof“choose”andwhichisnotwellknownornotoftenusedbycandidatesbelowBand6.
7.Notesontheuseoftherelativepronouns‘that’,‘which’and‘who’
(Thisgrammar,writtenasItem7,isquitecomplex!
Don'tspendtoomuchtimestudyingthisifitistoodifficultforyou.Justtrytolearnafewofthepointsmentionedhere.)
Thegroupofwordsthatfollowsthewords, ‘that’,‘which’or‘who’ iscalleda“relativeclause”.
Therearetwotypesofrelativeclauses, DefiningRelativeClaus
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