西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦.docx
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西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦.docx
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西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦
1.AmericanGovernment
Constitution
TheUnitedStatesisaconstitutionaldemocracy,atypeofgovernmentcharacterizedbylimitations(boundaries,restrictions)ongovernmentpowerspelledoutinawrittenconstitution.Writtenin1787,theU.S.Constitutionisboththeoldestandshortestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.Itservesasthesupreme(highest,greatest)law(rule,regulation)oftheUnitedStates.
TheConstitution
•TheConstitutionoutlinesafederalgovernmentwiththreeseparatebranches:
thelegislative(lawmaking)branch(Congress),theexecutive(decision-making)branch(thepresidency),andthejudicialbranch(thecourts).
BillofRights
ThefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution,whichsafeguardsomespecificrightsoftheAmericanpeopleandthestates.
•Manystatesratified(approved)theConstitutionin1788and1789ontheconditionthatCongressamendittoguaranteecertaincivilliberties.JamesMadisondraftedthesefirsttenamendmentshimself,whichcollectivelybecameknownasthe BillofRights. TheBillofRightsprotectssomespecificrightsofboththeAmericanpeopleandthestates.Thetableonthenextpagesummarizesthetwenty-sevenamendmentstotheConstitution
LegislativeBranch
Congressisthelegislativebranchofthefederalgovernmentandisresponsibleforcreatinglaws.
Congressconsistsoftwochambers,anupperchambercalledtheSenate(100members)andalowerchambercalledtheHouseofRepresentatives(435members).
HORisfixedandproportionallydistributedamongthe50states,eachonerepresentingthecongressionaldistrict.
Senate:
100senators,2perstate.
Congress
•Congresshasthesole(only)authoritytomakelaws,levytaxes,declarewar,andprintmoney,amongotherpowers.Congressalsocontrolsthefederalbudget.
ExecutiveBranch
•Thepresidencyistheexecutivebranchofthefederalgovernment.ThepresidentiselectedeveryfouryearsandisresponsibleforenforcingthelawsthatCongressmakes.Thepresidentisalsothecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandhasthepowertoconductforeignrelations.
JudicialBranch
•Thefederalcourtsmakeupthejudicialbranchofthefederalgovernment,whichconsistsofregionalcircuitcourts,appealscourts,andtheSupremeCourt.TheSupremeCourtisthehighestlegalauthorityinthecountryandhasassumedthepowerofjudicialreviewtodecidethelegality(validity,truth)ofthelawsCongressmakes.
MythicalFounding
•MostAmericansre-imaginethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesinmythicalterms,asthetriumphofwisdomovertyrannicalignoranceandasthecreationofsomethingnewandimportantintheworld.
•AmericancitizenstendtoreveretheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitution,andtheFoundingFathersareseenasmodelsofvirtue(quality)andpoliticalwisdom.
•TheiconicimageofGeorgeWashingtonontheone-dollarbillorthestatueofAbrahamLincolninsidetheLincolnMemorialfitsinwiththisheroicvisionofthefounders.
StruggleAgainstTyrannyandInjustice
MostAmericansoftenthinkoftheircountryasthechampionofdemocracyandjustice.ManyeventsinAmericanhistoryarethereforeseenaspartofthisstruggle.Americanstendtothinkofthe:
•CivilWarasabattletoendslavery
•WorldWarIIasthedefeatofeviltyrants
•ColdWarasatriumphofdemocraticvaluesovercommunismandtotalitarianism.Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.(Worldpolice)
–Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld.(Worldpolice)
HistoryasProgress
•AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisnotaperfectdemocracy,manyAmericansinterpretitshistoryasprogresstowardabetterdemocracy.Inthisview,Americahasimprovedfromcenturytocentury,gettingbetterandmoredemocraticovertime.Theexpansionoftherighttovoteisthebestexample.
•e.g.,Atthestartoftherepublic,therighttovotewasrestrictedinmostplacestoolder,wealthy,whitelandowners.
RighttoVote
•Overtime,allcitizenswontherighttovote
Includingthemiddleclasses,thepoor,Women(1920),Peopleofotherraces(1965),Youngerpeople(1970),Americandemocracyhasthusgrownasmorepeoplehavebeenallowedtoparticipate.
2.SuperheromythologyregIntro:
History
Whatisamyth?
Astoryofunknownauthorshipthatpeopletoldlongagoinanattempttoanswerseriousquestionsabouthowimportantthingsbeganandoccurred.
Theyarestoriesthatexplainnaturaloccurrencesandexpressbeliefsofrightandwrong.Mythsusuallyhaveareligiousorspiritualsense
•Theyareearlymansdesiretoexplaintheuniverse.
i.e.,Apollo,thesonofZeus,drovethechariotofthesunacrossthesky
GodsandGoddesses
•Thegods,goddesses,andheroesaresuperhumaninnature.
i.e.,Atlasboretheweightoftheworldandtheheavensonhisshoulders.
•Godssometimesappearindisguisedform
•HumanemotionsareexperiencedbytheGods
–i.e.,Hera’sjealousy(wewilltalkaboutthisinamoment)
CommonThemesinMythology
•Goodvs.EvilLightvs.Dark
•AmetamorphosismayoccurLikeabutterfly
•InGreekmythology
–Thestorieswerepartoftheirreligion
–Theirfestivalsandritualpracticescamefromthestories
WhatisGreekMythology?
TheancientGreekswerepolytheistic,meaningtheyworshipedmultiplegods.Theyalsotoldmanystories(myths)aboutthegods,whichweremeanttoguidehumanbehaviorandteachabouttherelationshipbetweengodsandhumans.
•ThepeopleofancientGreecesharedstoriescalledmythsaboutthegods,goddesses,andheroesinwhichtheybelieved.
•EachgodorgoddesswasworshippedasadeityandruledovercertainareasoftheGreeks’lives.
•Theseexcitingstoriesexplainednaturalphenomenathatcouldnotbeexplainedbyscienceintheancientworld.
Whyisitimportant?
“AsoneofthemajorcontributorstoWesterncivilization,ancientGreekculturehasprovidedthecreativeenergyandprototypesforlaterformsofWesternsociety.Intellectualandculturalachievements,togetherwithsocialandeconomicdevelopmentsinancientGreeceanditsneighboringareas,marktherealbeginningofWesterncivilizationandtheendingoftheuncivilized,barbarousage”(pg.7).
•TheAncientGreekculturehasbeenkeptalivebytheoralandlaterwrittenstorieshandeddownthroughthousandsofyears.
•Modernplays,novels,televisionprograms,moviesandevenadvertisementsrefertoGreekgods,goddesses,heroesandtheirstories.
•TheirhistoryentertainsusandprovideuswithmodernWesternculture.
GodsandGoddessesofthePantheononMountOlympus
Zeus–LeaderoftheOlympianGods(page12)
•HeruledtheOlympians.
•Hewasthegodofthesky,lightningandthundercarryingathunderboltashissymbol(muchlikeasuperherowewilltalkaboutinamoment).
•HemarriedHera,hissister,whichwasafamilyhabit.
•Hefatheredmanychildrenwithvariousgoddessesandmortals.
Hera–WifeofZeus
•Shewastheprotectorofmarriageandthehome.
•Shewasassociatedwiththepeacock,becauseofhergreatbeauty.
•SheandZeuswerealwaysquarreling.
•Shewascalledthequeenofintriguers,avindictiveandjealouswife,whofrequentlyoutwittedherhusband,Zeus.
Poseidon–GodoftheSea
•Hebuiltanunderwaterpalacewithagreatpearlandcoralthrone.
•AlthoughhechoseThetis,abeautifulwaternymph,ashisqueen,he,likehis
brotherZeus,wasagreatwandererfatheringhundredsofchildren.
•Hewasadifficultgod,changefulandquarrelsome,butcreatedmanycuriousformsforhisseacreatures.
•HeinventedthehorseforhissisterDemeter,whomheloved.
Hades–GodoftheUnderworld
•HewasthejealousbrothertoZeusandPoseidon.
•HemadePersephonehiswifeafterstealingherfromhermother,
Demeter,whowashissister.
•Becausehewasaviolentgod,whowasalsoverypossessiveofeverynew
soul,herarelylefthisunderworlddomain.
Athena-GoddessofWisdom,Justice,War,CivilizationandPeace
•ShewasbornfullgrownoutoftheheadofZeus.
•Shetaughtmantousetoolsandtaughthiswifetospinandweave.
•Shewasthebest-lovedgoddessonOlympus.
•ShehatedAres,godofwar,oftenbestinghiminbattle.
•TheGreekcityofAthensisnamedafterher.
•Shewassaidtohavecreatedthespider.
Apollo-TheSunGod;GodofMusic,Poetry,Wisdom,LightandTruth
•HewasthetwinbrotherofArtemisandthemosthandsomeofthegods.
•Hewasalsothegodofthehealingartsandofmedicine.
•Hedrovehischariotacrosstheskytopullthesuneachday.
•Hisson,Phaethon,drivesApollo’ssunchariotwithdisastrousresults
Sowhatdoesthishavetodowithsuperheroes?
1.Inadditiontogodsandgoddesses,theGreeksincludedmanyheroesintheirmyths.Heroeswereeitherhumanordemigods(theoffspringofahumanandagodorgoddess).2.MostsuperheroesoftodayhavetheiroriginsintheancientmythsofGreece,Rome,andotheroldempires.Today,weworshipsuperheroesinthesamewaysweonceworshippedthegods.
ZeusandSuperman
BothSupermanandZeusarebornleaders,themostpowerfuloftheirrespectivegroups.Supermanisoftenthoughtofasgodlike,thealiendeitywhohasbecomeincrediblyprotectiveofhisadoptivehome.LikeZeus,Supermandonsadisguisesothathemaywalkamongthemortalsandseewhatlifeislikeontheground.Butbotharemuchmoreathomeinthesky,soaringaboveuslikethegodstheyare.
HadesandBatman
Thedarkprince,preferringundergroundquartersandwithunimaginablewealth2.AsHadesisthedarkbrotherofZeus,sotooisBatmanthe
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