传播学经典理论英文版打印.docx
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传播学经典理论英文版打印.docx
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传播学经典理论英文版打印
传播学经典理论英文版[中文批注]
目录
一、 Opinion Leaders 意见领袖 _____________________________________________ 2
二、 5W Box 5w 理论 _____________________________________________________ 2
三、 The Bias of Communication 传媒偏向论 __________________________________ 2
四、 The Spiral of Silence 沉默的螺旋 ________________________________________ 3
五、 Gatekeeper 把关人理论 _______________________________________________ 4
六、 Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说 _____________________________ 4
七、 Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说______________________________________ 5
八、 Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论 ____________________________________ 5
九、 Magic bullet theory 魔弹论 _____________________________________________ 5
十、 Information (Innovation)Diffusion Theory 信息(创新)扩散论 ____________ 6
十一、 Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) 使用与满足理论 ______________________ 7
十二、 Cultivation theory 教养理论 ____________________________________________ 8
十三、 Limited-Effects Theory 有限效果论 ______________________________________ 8
十四、 Marshall Mcluhan Media Theory 麦克卢汉的媒介理论 _______________________ 9
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一、 Opinion Leaders 意见领袖
Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.
意见领袖是指在人际传播网络中经常为他人提供信息,同时对他人施加影响的“活跃分子”,他们在大众传播效果的形成过程中起着重要的中介或过滤的作用,由他们将信息扩散给受众,形成信息传递的两级传播。
二、 5W Box 5w 理论
1. Who communicates to whom?
(sources and receivers) 2. Why communicate?
(function and purposes)
3. How does communication take place?
(channels,languages,codes) 4. What about?
(content,references,types of information)
5. What are the outcomes of communication (intend or unintended ), for information,
understandings, action the Rise of Mass Mdia
美国学者H·拉斯维尔于1948年在《传播在社会中的结构与功能》一篇论文中,首次提出了构成传播过程的五种基本要素,并按照一定结构顺序将它们排列,形成了后来人们称之“五W模式”或“拉斯维尔程式”的过程模式。
这五个W分别是英语中五个疑问代词的第一个字母,即:
Who (谁) Says What (说了什么) In Which Channel (通过什么渠道) To Whom (向谁说) With What Effect (有什么效果)。
三、 The Bias of Communication 传媒偏向论
Innis’ central focus is the social history of communication media; he believed that the relative stability of cultures depends on the balance and proportion of their media. To begin our inquiry into this area, he suggests we ask three basic questions:
How do specific communication technologies operate?
What assumptions do they take from and contribute to society?
What forms of power do they encourage?
For Innis, a key to social change is found in the development of communication media. He claims that each medium embodies a bias in terms of the organization and control of information. Any empire or society is generally concerned with duration over time and extension in space.
Time-biased media, such as stone and clay, are durable and heavy. Since they are difficult to move, they do not encourage territorial expansion; however, since they have a long life, they do encourage the extension of empire over time. Innis associated these media with the customary, thesacred, and the moral. Time-biased media facilitate the development of social hierarchies, as archetypally exemplified by ancient Egypt. For Innis, speech is a time-biased medium.
Space-biased media are light and portable; they can be transported over large distances. They are associated with secular and territorial societies; they facilitate the expansion of empire over space. Paper is such a medium; it is readily transported, but has a relatively short lifespan.
伊尼斯发现,媒介可以分为两大类,两者有一个基本的区别:
有利于空间上延伸的媒介和有利于时间上延续的媒介。
比如,石版文字和泥版文字耐久,它们承载的文字具有永恒的性质,容易传承。
但是,它们不容易运输,不容易生产,不容易使用,因而不利于空间上的传播。
相反,莎草纸和纸张轻巧,容易运输,使用方便,能够远距离传播迅息,然而它们传播的迅息却限于当下,就比较短暂。
他认为,传播和传播媒介都有偏向,大体上分为:
口头传播的偏向与书面传播的偏向,时间的偏向与空间的偏向。
下面这段话,痛快淋漓地阐明伊尼斯“传播偏向论”的意旨、要害,说明媒介的性质和偏向,并且说明媒介为何有这些偏向。
他说:
“倚重时间的媒介,其性质耐久,羊皮纸、黏土和石头即为其例……倚重空间的媒介,耐久性比较逊色,质地比较轻。
后者适合广袤地区的治理和贸易……倚重空间的材料,有利于集中化……我们考虑大规模的政治组织,比如帝国时,必须立足在空间和时间两个方面。
我们要克服媒介的偏向,既不过分倚重时间,也不过分倚重空间。
”
强调媒介偏向、时间偏向和空间偏向的关系,并指出媒介与国家僚体制和宗教的关系。
他说:
“一个成功的帝国必须充分认识到空间问题,空间问题既是军事问题,也是政治问题;它还要认识到时间问题,时间问题既是朝代问题和人生寿限问题,也是宗教问题。
又说:
“国家的官僚体制倚重空间,忽略时间。
相反,宗教却倚重时间,忽略空间。
”
四、 The Spiral of Silence 沉默的螺旋
The spiral of silence is a political science and mass communication theory propounded by the German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. Spiral of silence theory describes the process by which one opinion becomes dominant as those who perceive their opinion to be in the minority do not speak up because society threatens individuals with fear of isolation. The assessment of one's social environment may not always correlate with reality.
For a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent.
Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. "
沉默的螺旋理论提供了一种考虑问题的视角:
团队意见的形成不一定是团队成员“理性讨论”的结果,而可能是对团队中
“强势”意见的趋同后的结果。
需要注意的是:
“强势”意见所强调的东西,不一定就是正确的。
当团队中的少数意见与“多数”意见不同的时候,少数有可能屈于“优势意见”的压力,表面上采取认同,但实际上内心仍然坚持自己的观点,这就可能出现某些团队成员公开“表达的意见”与团队成员“自己的意见”不一致。
要跳出沉默的螺旋,唯一的出路就是尊重少数派,聆听反对者的声音。
五、 Gatekeeper 把关人理论
Lewin was first proposed this idea.
A gatekeeper is a human who controls access to something, for example via a city gate. In the late 20th century the term came into metaphorical use, referring to individuals who decide whether a given message will be distributed by a mass medium.The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .
传播者不可避免地会站在自己的立场和视角上,对信息进行筛选和过滤,这种对信息进行筛选和过滤的传播行为就叫做把关(即守门),凡有这种传播行为的人就叫做把关人(守门人)。
六、 Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说
Audience in the contact information of the mass media is not indiscriminate, but more willing to choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.
受众的群体背景可以分成两个方面,一是人口统计学意义的群体,包括性别、年龄、籍贯、民族、职业、学历等等;二是社会关系意义上的群体,如家庭、单位、团体、政治、经济和文化的归属阶层,宗教信仰群体等等。
受众个人的群体属性不同,意味着他们所处的时代、社会环境、社会化的条件、社会地位、价值和信念、对事物的立场观点和看法、心理特点和文化背景都有很大差异,对大众传媒信息的需求、接触和反应方式也是千差万别。
七、 Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说
Because the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.
基本观点 :
(1)随着大众传播媒介向社会传播信息的增多,社会经济状况好的人将比差的人以更快的速度获取信息,因此两类人之间的知识沟扩大,而不是缩小。
(2)一段时间内媒介大量宣传某话题,文化程度较高的人比低的人以更快的速度吸取该话题的知识。
(3)在特定的时间里,较之未大量宣传的话题,在媒介大量宣传的话题上,所获知识与教育程度有更高的相关性。
八、 Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论
Mass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject. Mass media highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.
Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .
1968年,麦克姆斯和肖对总统大选进行了调查,看媒介议程对公众议程有多大的影响。
1972年提出了议程设置理论,该理论认为大众传播往往不能决定人们对某一事件或意见的具体看法,但可以通过提供给信息和安排相关的议题来有效地左右人们关注哪些事实和意见及他们谈论的先后顺序。
大众传播可能无法影响人们怎么想,却可以影响人们去想什么。
九、 Magic bullet theory 魔弹论
The message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without
protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media. The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.
“魔弹论”:
又称“皮下注射理论”,这是一种有关媒介具有强大效果的观点。
它的核心内容是:
传播媒介拥有不可抵抗的强大力量,它们所传递的信息在受传者身上就像子弹击中身体,药剂注入皮肤一样,可以引起直接速效的反应;它们能够左右人们的态度和意见,甚至直接支配他们的行动。
这种理论流行于第一次世界大战至20世纪30 年代,到40 年代这一理论便
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为宣传的实践所打破。
十、 Information (Innovation)Diffusion Theory 信息(创新)扩散论
Information (Innovation)Diffusion Theory is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Everett Rogers, a professor of communication studies, popularized the theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations; Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the participants in a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines. Rogers proposes that four main elements influence the spread of a new idea:
the innovation itself, communication channels, time, and a social system. This process relies heavily on human capital. The innovation must be widely adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass. The categories of adopters are:
innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Diffusion manifests itself in different ways in various cultures and fields and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process.
创新推广理论(Innovation Diffusion Theory)又译成创新传播理论、创新散布理论、创新扩散理论、革新传播理论等。
“创新推广”最早出现于 20 世纪初法国社会学家、哲学家 Gabriel Tarde的《模仿定律》(the Law of Imitation)一书。
最早将现代创新推广理论运用于实践研究中的是美国爱荷华州立大学的 Ryan 和 Gross 于 1943 年进行的一个农业研究项目。
Ryan 和 Gross 从农业社会学的角度出发,对创新技术的一些采用者进行访谈,以此来考察与采用技术相关的一系列因素。
这种基于访谈形式的研究方法从此成为创新推广研究的一种主要研究法。
而最早将扩散推广理论作为传播学内容进行研究的,同时在这方面的研究中最负盛名的当首推传播学家罗杰斯(Everett M. Rogers)及其著作《创新推广》(Diffusion of Innovation)。
《创新推广》初版发行于1960年,现在最新的版本为1995年修订版。
罗杰斯在书中认为,创新推广是指一项新事物通过特定的传播通道,逐渐为某些特定社群成员所了解与采用的过程,也是推广作用的应用。
书中所论述到的创新推广理论中,其中有几点受到广泛关注:
(一)创新的推广决策过程,包括五个阶段 1、获知(Knowledge)——接触创新并略知其如何运作 2、说服(Persuasion)——有关创新的态度形成 3、决策(Decision)——确定采用或拒绝一项创新活动 4、实施(Implementation)——投入创新的运用
5、确认(Confirmation)——
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