新编大学英语4单元6翻译和课后习题答案.docx
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新编大学英语4单元6翻译和课后习题答案.docx
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新编大学英语4单元6翻译和课后习题答案
Unit6Risks
UsefulInformation
Riskistheprobabilityoflosingsomethingofvalue.Sincewevaluelifeaboveotherthings,thegreatestriskformostpeopleistheriskofdeath.Yetlifeitself,tothebestofourknowledge,isultimatelylimited.Thekeywordhereis“ultimately”.Sincewehopetolivealotlonger,weeasilyoverlooktheroutineandlong-rangerisksassociatedwithbeinghuman,andconcentrateinsteadonothersortsofrisks.Werarelythinkaboutthechancesofdeath,disability,ordisaster,ortrytopredictthetimesoftheiroccurrence.Walkingacrossthestreetinmanycitiesismoredangerousthanridinganairplaneacrossanocean,butmanypeoplegivenothoughttotheformerandhavegreatfearofthelatter.Peopleeagerlydodangerousthingsforrecreationthattheywouldrarelydoatwork,suchasscalingasteepmountainorskiingrapidlydownit.Youngpeopleareespeciallywillingtotakefoolishchancesforthesheerjoyofdoingso,orbecausetheydiscounttheprobabilityofadverseoutcomes.Yettheyshouldprobablybemuchmorecarefulthantheirelders,sincetheyhavelongerlifeexpectanciesremainingandthushavemoreatstake.
Otherthingswevalueincludehealth,safety,money,property,relationshipsandhappiness.Therearerisksattachedtothelossofanyofthese.Hypochondriacsexaggeratetherisksofillhealthorinjury.Ironicallytheprecautionstakentopromotehealthandsafetymayaddtoahypochondriac’sperceptionoftherisksinvolved.Awiseinvestortakescalculatedriskswithmoney,andtriestochoosereasonablerisksoverunreasonableones.Acompulsivegambler,ontheotherhand,issoaddictedtoriskthatthereislittlethoughtofthelossthatinevitablyfollowsfromgamblingindefinitelyagainsttheodds.Soriskitselfmayattimesbeperceivedasareward.
Optimistsandpessimistshaveoppositeattitudestowardrisk.Extremeoptimistsalwaysexpectthebest.Thereforetheytrytomaximizegain.Morecautiousoptimistsmaytrytomaximizetheminimumgain.Extremepessimistsalwaysexpecttheworst.Thereforetheycometoexpectthemaximumloss.Moremoderatepessimistsmaytrytomaximizetheminimumloss.Thescienceofcost-benefitanalysisstudiestheseandotherstrategiesformanagingrisk.Sodoesactuarialscience(保险计算科学),withspecialemphasisontherisksofdeath,injury,orillness.
Onewaytomanageriskinordinarylifeisthroughrationalplanning.Byconsideringalternativesandbalancingthegreatestormostlikelyrisksagainstthegreatestormostlikelyrewards,wecanoftenmakebetterdecisionsandgivegreaterconsiderationtolong-termoutcomes.Byalwayshavingacontingencyplanincaseourmainplanfails,wecanusuallyavoidcatastrophes.Butplanningtakeseffort,andwemustbalancethiseffortagainstthepleasureofdoingthingsspontaneouslybecausetheyarenotveryimportantornotveryrisky,andplanotherthingscarefullybecausetheyareveryimportantorveryrisky.
PartOne
PREPARATION
1.RisksinJobs
PhysicalRisks
FinancialRisks
EmotionalRisks
coal-miner,nurse,
policeman,secretary,
teacher,fighterpilot,
interpreter,fireman
footballplayer,writer,
cleaner,touristguide,factoryworker,chemicalengineer,computerprogrammer
businessman,stockbroker,accountant,peasant,writer,civilservant,touristguide
nurse,psychiatrist,
lawyer,president,teacher,singer,psychologist,touristguide,writer,hostofTVshow,ambassador,model,journalist
Note:
Studentsmayhavedifferentideasingroupingthesejobs.That’snatural.
2.Whichactivityisriskier
STEPONE
Thefollowingisalistoftheactivitiesfromtheriskiesttothesafest:
rockclimbingskydivingdrivingamotorcyclebeinga65-year-oldmanskiingflyinginanairplanedrivingacarworkingonafarm
STEPTHREE
—Iprefertodorock-climbing.Iknowit’sariskysportbutIreallywanttochallengemyselfandseehowIcanusemymusclesandbraintodoatoughjob.YoumayaskwhyIlikethisriskysportwhiletherearesomanysaferonestotestmystrengthanddetermination.
IwasborninamountainareaandI’vebeenenjoyingmountainclimbingsincemychildhood.Ialwaysfeelexcitedwhileclimbingamountain,androck-climbingisevenmoreexciting.It’struerock-climbingisfullofdangers,butlifeitselfisfullofdangerstoo.Withmodernequipmentandourbrains,wecanpreventseriousaccidentsandminorinjurieswon’thurtustoomuch.
—Idon’tthinkIwouldlikeanyoftheactivitieslisted.ActuallyIdon’tlikesports.AsfarbackasIcanrecall,mychildhoodwasspentinhospital.Inotherwords,Iwasinpoorhealthforalongtime.Whenotherchildrenintheneighborhoodbegantheirtraininginsports,Ihadtogotohospitalandtakemedicinetosurvive.Inthatcase,Iwasn’tallowedtoplayoutdoorsmostofthetime.Inadditiontomyphysicalweakness,I’mcautiousbynature.Idon’tliketotakeanyrisksinmylife.Anyway,I’manexcellentchessplayer.Myfathertaughtmehowtoplaychessandboughtseveralbooksaboutchesstoimprovemyskill.SochessissomethingIenjoymost.
3.WhyWouldPeopleLiketoTakeRisks
Sample:
Iamreallyimpressedbythesequotes.Theytellusthatlifeisfullofrisks.AsAliputit,hewhoisnotcourageousenoughtotakeriskswillaccomplishnothinginlife.Sotakingrisksisanessentialpartofgrowthandprogress.Ifwelookatsomefamouspeopleweknow,obviouslytheyareallgoodrisktakers.
Inadditiontomakingachievements,somepeopletakeriskstoenjoyanewexperienceandtochallengethemselves.Theywanttolooklikeacourageousguyorastrongperson.Takingriskswillmakethemfeelmoreconfidentandcompetent.Theyalsowanttoenjoytheexcitementinrisktakingbecausetheirlivesareotherwisetoopeacefulandcomfortable.
PartTwo
READING-CENTEREDACTIVITIES
In-ClassReading
Pre-Reading
Sample
ThethreeriskiestthingsIdoinanormalday:
ridemybicycleinheavytraffic;rundownstairs;doscientificexperiments.
PassageReading
Words,PhrasesandGrammaticalPoints
1.risk
关于risk的词组有很多:
atrisk处于危险之中
.I)Thediseaseisspreading,andallchildrenunderfiveareatrisk.
II)Heartdiseasecanbeavoidedifpeopleatrisktakemedicaladvice.
attheriskof冒……的危险
.I)Hesavedmylifeattheriskoflosinghisown.
II)Attheriskofoffendingyou,ImusttellyouthatIdisapproveofyourbehavior.
runtheriskof冒……的危险
.I)Idon’twanttoruntheriskofmeetingGeorge.
II)Iwasafraidtoruntheriskofbettingonthegame.
takearisk/risks冒险做可能失败或危险的事
.I)Youaretakingabigriskdrivingsofast.
II)Buthemustbecautious;hemusttakenounnecessaryrisks.
2.“Andfromthesethreatscomequestionsthatwemustposetoourselves…”(l.6)
1)Thissentencemeansthatthesethreatsgiverisetoquestionsthatwemustaskourselves.
当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组,谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动作动词时,句子通常全部倒装。
.I)Fromtheroomcamethesoundofchildrensinging.
II)Fromthefountainbubbledastreamofcoolwater.
2)pose:
giveriseto(adifficultordangeroussituation)
Somephraseswith“pose”:
poseaproblem/difficulty/risk/threat/challenge/question.
.I)Officialsclaimthechemicalposesnorealthreat.
II)Risingunemploymentisposingseriousproblemsfortheadministration.
III)Theyhadbeenexpectedtoposeaseriouschallengetothemainparties.
3.ratheradv.toafairlylargedegree
.IrealizethatI’vebeenratherstupidandselfish.
Somephraseswith“rather”:
ratherthan:
insteadof
.I)Itwouldbebettertomakeadecisionnow,ratherthanleaveituntillater.
II)Itwaswhathemeantratherthanwhathesaidthatannoyedme.
wouldrather:
prefertodoorhavesomething
.Iwouldratheryoudidn’tmentionthismattertoanyoneelse.
orrather:
usedbeforecorrectingsomethingthatyouhavesaid,orgivingmorespecificinformation
.WeallwentinVic’scar,orratherhisfather’s.
not...butrather...:
usedtosaythatonethingisnottruebutadifferentthingis
.Theproblemisnottheirlackoffunding,butrathertheirlackofplanning.
4.accidentally(l.21)happeningbychance,notbyplanorintention
.ThismorningIaccidentallymetwithafriendwithwhomIhaveneverkeptintouchforalongtime.
Compare:
incidentally:
usedforaddingsomethingtowhatwassaidbefore,eitheronthesameoranothersubject
.Imustgonow.IncidentallyifyouwantthatbookI’llbringitnexttime.
5.accordingly(l.28)
1)inawaythatissuitableforaparticularsituationorthatisbasedonwhatsomeonehasdoneorsaid
.Ihavetoldyouthecircumstances,soyoumustactaccordingly
2)forthatreason;therefore
.Hehasimpressedhisemployersconsiderablyandaccordinglyheissoontobepromoted.
课内阅读参考译文
风险与你
1在说不定的某个时候,我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。
有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病,就会去检查,看自己是否可能患了这种病。
然而,对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。
同样,患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。
现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁,诸如对我们生命的威胁,对我们平和心境的威胁,对我们家人的威胁,对我们未来的威胁。
从而产生了好些问题,我们不得不问自己:
我买的食品安全吗给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉我度假时会不会遭抢劫我们的疑虑就;无休止地增加。
2对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处;二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。
但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。
疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生,以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病,要么你没得。
但当涉及到其它形式的风险时,事情就要困难得多,因为对许多风险来说,情况并不那么简单。
3风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。
你也许会问:
“我该不该系安全带”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞,那当然该系安全带。
倘若你的车侧面被撞,结果你被困在车里,又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱,那怎么办呢这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢同样,在正面相撞的情况下,保险气袋完全可以救你一命。
但是,万一正当你在高速公路上开车时,保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀,从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故,那又该如何是好
4上面说的这一切,只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。
有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关,换句话说,与所进行的任何活动有关。
但我们又不能,也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事,而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。
有5例如,两车相撞时,大车总的说来要比小车安全些。
可究竟能安全多少呢答案是这样:
在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。
然而,大车通常比小车贵(并且消耗更多的汽油,由此给环境带来了更大的风险!
)。
那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢例如,避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车,从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。
然而,即便
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