Activities for writing 4.docx
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Activities for writing 4.docx
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Activitiesforwriting4
Activitiesforwriting2
PartFourTheParagraph
AnIntroductiontoParagraph:
PointandSupportinaParagraph
TheHazardsofMoviegoing
AlthoughIlovemovies,I’vefoundthattherearedrawbackstomoviegoing.Oneproblemisjusttheinconvenienceofitall.Togettothetheater,Ihavetodriveforatleastfifteenminutes,ormorewhentrafficisbad.Itcantakeforevertofindaparkingspot,andthenIhavetowalkacrossahugeparkinglottothetheater.ThereIencounterlonglines,sold-outshows,andever-increasingprices.AndIhatessittingwithmyfeetstickingtothefloorbecauseofotherpeople’sspilledsnacks.Anotherproblemismylackofself-controlatthetheater.Ioftenstuffmyselfwithunhealthycalorie-ladensnacks.Mychoicesmightincludeabucketofpopcorn,aboxofMilkDuds,agiantsoda,orallthree.Theworstproblemissomeoftheothermoviegoers.Kidsrunupanddowntheaisle.Teenagerslaughandshoutatthescreen.Peopleofallagesdropsodacupsandpopcorntubs,coughandburp,andtalktooneother.Allinall,IwouldratherstayhomeandwaittoseethelatestmoviehitsoncableTVinthecomfortofmyownlivingroom.
Fromthisparagraph
Aparagraph:
Topicsentence;
Supportingsentences;and
Concludingsentence.
Characteristicsofaneffectiveparagraph:
1.Unity
Oneeffectiveparagraphdevelopsonlyonespecificidea,whichisusuallysummarizedinthetopicsentence.
Ifeelquiteconfidentaboutthemathtestthatisscheduledfortomorrow.Theinstructorhastoldusexactlywhattostudy,andmygradesonhomeworkhavebeengood.Afterthetest,SusanandIaregoingtoeatandthengotoamovie.Sheistakingmeoutbecauseitismybirthday.Lastweekweweregoingtogotothehomecominggame,butshewassickandwedidn’tgettogo.
(p.133-134Ma&Chen)
(1)Itisafactthatcapitalpunishmentisnotadeterrenttocrime.
(2)Statisticsshowthatinstateswithcapitalpunishment,murderratesarethesameoralmostthesameasthoseinstateswithoutcapitalpunishment.(3)Itisalsotruethatitismoreexpensivetoputapersonondeathrowthaninlifeimprisonmentbecauseofthecostsofmaximumsecurity.(4)Unfortunately,capitalpunishmenthasbeenusedunjustly.(5)Statisticsshoweveryexecutionisofamanandthatnineoutoftenareblack.(6)Soprejudiceshowsrightthrough.
2.Topicsentence
Subjectandfocus:
1)Subject:
Education
Focus:
…isveryimportantinthemodernworld.
2)Subject:
Drama
Focus:
Ilike…
3)Subject:
Mythology
Focus:
…isthestudyofvariousbeliefsaboutgodsandgoddesses.
TheplacementoftheTopicSentence
a.Atthebeginning(andendtheparagraphwitharestatementofthesametopicsentence),
b.inthemiddle,
c.attheend,and
d.noorimpliedtopicsentence.Thisisespeciallytrueofdescriptiveandnarrativewriting,whereatopicsentenceisnormallyunnecessary.
e.g.,
Thecarsarelikeshabbyomnibuses,butlarger:
holdingthirty,forty,fiftypeople.Theseats,insteadofstretchingfromendtoend,areplacedcrosswise.Eachseatholdstwopersons.Thereisalongrowofthemoneachsideofthecaravan(大篷车),anarrowpassageupthemiddle,andadooratbothends.Inthecenterofthecarriagethereisusuallyastove,fedwithcharcoaloranthracite(无烟煤)coal;whichisforthemostpartred-hot.Itisinsufferablyclose;andyouseethehotairflutteringbetweenyourselfandanyotherobjectyoumayhappentolookatliketheghostofsmoke.
------CharlesDickens,AmericanNotes
Weaktopicsentences(toogeneral)
4)Weneedtosavemoreofournaturalresources.
5)Temperaturesareveryhigh.
6)Geologyisofgreatimportance.
Onemethodforimprovingistoapplythegeneralquestions—who,what,when,where,why,andhow—tovagueorbroadstate.
1)Weneedtosavemoreofouroilresource.(Whatkindofresource)
Weneedtosavemoreofouroilresourcesbydrivingless.(How)
2)Temperaturesinthedesertareveryhigh.(Where)
Temperaturesinthedesertareveryhighduringtheday.(When)
3)Geologyisofgreatimportancefortheneedsandindustriesofmankind.(Why)
Simpleandfactualstatements(toonarrowtobetopicsentences)
1)Woodstovescanbeboughtforabout$300.→Woodstovescanbedangerous.
2)LastsummerIworkedasagasstationattendant.→WorkingasagasstationattendantwastheworstjobIeverhad.
3)Iliveinanapartment.→Livinginanapartmenthasitsdrawbacks.
Exercise:
Someofthefollowingtopicsentencesaregood;othersaretoobroadtohandlewithinatypicalparagraph.Improvetheweakones.(askwh-&h-Qs.)
1)Idonotparticularlylikestudyingformymathematicsclass.
2)Computersscienceandlanguageprogramarebothimportant.
3)Studentsmustenjoyanexcitingsport.
4)Ourcampusisveryattractiveinspring.
5)WatchingalotofTVishelpful.
Exercise:
Identifyandcrossouttheirrelevantsentencefollowingthetopicsentenceintheparagraph.Thenrewriteaparagraphtosupportthetopicsentencewiththeremaininginformation.
Topicsentence:
IthasbeensaidthatBenjaminFranklincouldreadalmostassoonashecouldtalk.
__a.Franklin’sfamousexperimentwiththekiteandkeyduringathunderstormprovedtohimthatmetalwasaconductorofelectricity.
__b.BenjaminFranklin’sactivemindbegantoworkatanearlyage.
__c.HestudiesFrench,Spanish,andLatinandmasteredthemwell.
__d.Afterashortperiodofschooling,BenjaminFranklintaughthimselfmathematicsandpenmanship.
__e.FranklintaughthimselfhowtoexpresshimselfingoodEnglish.
__f.Eagerforknowledge,BenjaminFranklinreadconstantly.
IthasbeensaidthatBenjaminFranklincouldreadalmostassoonashecouldtalk.Hisactivemindbegantoworkatanearlyage.Afterashortperiodofschooling,hetaughthimselfmathematicsandpenmanship,andhowtoexpresshimselfingoodEnglish.Eagerforknowledge,hereadconstantly.HestudiesFrench,Spanish,andLatinandmasteredthemwell.
3.Coherence
Examples:
1)Dancinghasbecomepopularwithyoungandoldalike.However,thesegroupsseethebenefitsoftheactivitydifferently.Youngpeoplelikethebenefitofmeetingotheryoungpeople;whereasolderpeopleseeitasagreatwaytoexercise.
2)Basketballispopularwitholdandyoungalike,especiallyhighschoolandcollegestudents.However,thesegroupsseethebenefitsoftheactivitydifferently.Youngpeopleseebasketball…however,olderpeoplelikebasketball…
Exercise:
1)(p.171Ma&Chen)
(1)Inmountainclimbing,onemustconcentrateoneachmoveheistomakeduringtheascent.
(2)Apersonmustknowhisownlimitsandlearnthathismoveswillaffecttheentiregroupofclimbers.(3)Therefore,whenaclimberendangershimself,heendangershiscomradesaswell.(4)Manytimesduringtheclimbyouwillfindyourselfbeingsupportedbythetipsofyourfingersandtoes,andyouareawarethatonethinropemayatanytimebecalledupontosaveyoufromdeath.(5)Alltheequipmentfromthesmallpitontothelongeststretchofropemustbemeticulouslyinspectedandpacked,becauseinthissport,mistakesmayprovefatal.
2)(p.172Ma&Chen)
(1)Thepersonalelementistremendouslyimportantinclimbing.
(2)Itisoneofthefreestsportsinthatitisentirelyuptoyouandyourcolleaguesontheropetomakeyourowndecisionsinthelightofyourjudgmentofthesituationatthetime.(3)Totakeresponsibilityinthiswaywhentherewardsandthepenaltiesarebothhighisoneofthemostsatisfyingoftheattractionsofclimbing.(4)Atthesametimethefactthatthingscansoeasilygobadlywrongmeansthatyoumustprepareyourselfthoroughlyinexperience,intechniques,andphysically,andthatyoumustexerciseagooddealofjudgmentandself-disciplinewhenyouareonthemountain,sothatyoualwayskeepwithinyoursafetymargin.
4.Completeness:
Examples:
Livinginthecountryispreferabletolivinginthecity.Mostpeopletendtoconsidercountrylifesuperiortocitylife.Theyalwaystalkaboutthefriendlypeople,thecleanenvironment,theclosenesstonatureandthegentlepaceofliving.Iusedtoliveinthecountrybeforestudyingandworkinginthecity.SoIcangivetwoprincipalreasonsonthismatter.First,theairiscleanerandfresherinthecountrythanthatinthecity.Second,peoplehaveabetterlivingconditioninthecountry.(p.190Ma&Chen)
(p.191Ma&Chen)
(1)RailroadtravelinSpainisanightmarethattouristsshouldknowaboutbeforeembarkingonavoyage.
(2)Eachcompartmentholdseightpeople,whichusuallyresultsinaconglomerationofsoldiers,tourists,farmers,andvillagers.(3)Withinminutesafterthetrainpullsoutofthestation,thecompartmentsbecomesaturatedwiththemixedorderodorofwine,urine,andsweat.(4)Chickensanddogscasuallystrollthenarrowpassageways.(5)Drunkardsandpervertsroamsthroughthecarsshoutingobscenitiesandpinchingtheoversizedrearendsofstandingorpassingfemales.(6)Travelerssuffersilently,passingthedrearyhoursbyplacingtic-tac-toeandpoker.
DevelopingTheParagraph
Logicalreasoningintheparagraph
InductivePattern:
Asanearly-morningpastimeSusie,mytortoise-coloredkitten,wouldfrequenttheutilityroom,swingopenthesmallmetaldooronthegasheater,andpeeratthemechanisminside.Duringthedaytimeherfavoritetoywasnottheusualballoftheyarnorsprigofcatnipbutasmallmusicaltopthatshelearnedtospinwithadmirabledexterity.Andlateatnight,whentherewassometimesagentletappinginthestudynexttomybedroom,thecauseprovedthesame:
inthedarknessasoftlittlepawwasplayingfelinerhythmsonthekeysofmytypewriter.Foraki
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