煤矿英语.docx
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煤矿英语.docx
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煤矿英语
煤矿科技英语——1.INTRODUCTION
2006年8月1日14:
35:
0
Coal,acombustibleorganicrock[1]composedprimarilyofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen[2].Coalisburnedtoproduceenergyandisusedtomanufacturesteel.Itisalsoanimportantsourceofchemicalsusedtomakemedicine,fertilizers,pesticides[3],andotherproducts.CoalcomesfromancientplantsburiedovermillionsofyearsinEarth’scrust[4],itsoutermostlayer[5].Coal,petroleum,naturalgas,andoilshale[6]areallknownasfossilfuels[7]becausetheycomefromtheremainsofancientlifeburieddeepinthecrust.
Coalisrichinhydrocarbons[8](compoundsmadeupoftheelementshydrogenandcarbon).Alllifeformscontainhydrocarbons,andingeneral,materialthatcontainshydrocarbonsiscalledorganicmaterial.Coaloriginallyformedfromancientplantsthatdied,decomposed,andwereburiedunderlayersofsediment[9]duringtheCarboniferousPeriod[10],about360millionto290millionyearsago.Asmoreandmorelayersofsedimentformedoverthisdecomposedplantmaterial,theoverburden[11]exertedincreasingheatandweightontheorganicmatter.Overmillionsofyears,thesephysicalconditionscausedcoaltoformfromthecarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulfur,andinorganicmineral[12]compoundsintheplantmatter.Thecoalformedinlayersknownasseams.
Plantmatterchangesintocoalinstages.Ineachsuccessivestage,higherpressureandheatfromtheaccumulatingoverburdenincreasethecarboncontentoftheplantmatteranddriveoutmoreofitsmoisturecontent[13].Scientistsclassifycoalaccordingtoitsfixedcarboncontent[14],ortheamountofcarbonthecoalproduceswhenheatedundercontrolledconditions.Highergradesofcoalhaveahigherfixedcarboncontent.
NOTESTOTHETEXT
[1]organicrock:
有机岩
[2]carbon,hydrogen,andoxygen:
碳,氢和氧
[3]pesticides:
农药
[4]Earth’scrust:
地壳
[5]outermostlayer:
最外层地层
[6]oilshale:
油页岩
[7]fossilfuels:
化石燃料
[8]hydrocarbons:
碳氢化合物
[9]layersofsediment:
沉积层
[10]CarboniferousPeriod:
石炭纪
[11]overburden:
覆盖岩层
[12]inorganicmineral:
无机材料
[13]moisturecontent:
含水量
[14]fixedcarboncontent:
固定碳含量
煤矿科技英语——2.MODERNUSESOFCOA
2006年8月1日13:
38:
0
Eighty-sixpercentofthecoalusedintheUnitedStatesisburnedbyelectricpowerplants[1]toproduceelectricity.Whenburned,coalgeneratesenergyintheformofheat.Inapowerplantthatusescoalasfuel,thisheatconvertswaterintosteam,whichispressurizedtospintheshaftofaturbine.Thisspinningshaft[2]drivesageneratorthatconvertsthemechanicalenergyoftherotationintoelectricpower.
Coalisalsousedinthesteelindustry.Thesteelindustryusescoalbyfirstheatingitandconvertingitintocoke[3],ahardsubstanceconsistingofnearlypurecarbon.Thecokeiscombinedwithironore[4]andlimestone[5].Thenthemixtureisheatedtoproduceiron.Otherindustriesusedifferentcoalgasesgivenoffduringthecoke-formingprocess[6]tomakefertilizers,solvents[7],medicine,pesticides,andotherproducts.
Fuelcompaniesconvertcoalintoeasilytransportablegas[8]orliquidfuels[9].Coal-basedvaporfuels[10]areproducedthroughtheprocessofgasification[11].Gasificationmaybeaccomplishedeitheratthesiteofthecoalmine[12]orinprocessingplants[13].Inprocessingplants,thecoalisheatedinthepresenceofsteamandoxygentoproducesynthesisgas[14],amixtureofcarbonmonoxide[15],hydrogen,andmethane[16]useddirectlyasfuelorrefinedintocleaner-burninggas[17].
On-sitegasification[18]isaccomplishedbycontrolled,incompleteburningofanundergroundcoalbedwhileaddingairandsteam.Todothis,workersignitethecoalbed,pumpairandsteamundergroundintotheburningcoal,andthenpumptheresultinggasesfromtheground.Oncethegasesarewithdrawn,theymaybeburnedtoproduceheatorgenerateelectricity.Ortheymaybeusedinsyntheticgasestoproducechemicalsortohelpcreateliquidfuels.
Liquefaction[19]processesconvertcoalintoaliquidfuelthathasacompositionsimilartothatofcrudepetroleum[20]Liquefaction.Coalcanbeliquefiedeitherbydirectorindirectprocesses.However,becausecoalisahydrogen-deficienthydrocarbon[21],anyprocessusedtoconvertcoaltoliquidorotheralternativefuels[22]mustaddhydrogen.Fourgeneralmethodsareusedforliquefaction:
(1)pyrolysis[23]andhydrocarbonization[24],inwhichcoalisheatedintheabsenceofairorinastreamofhydrogen;
(2)solventextraction[25],inwhichcoalhydrocarbonsareselectivelydissolvedandhydrogenisaddedtoproducethedesiredliquids;(3)catalyticliquefaction[26],inwhichhydrogenation[27]takesplaceinthepresenceofacatalyst;and(4)indirectliquefaction,inwhichcarbonmonoxideandhydrogenarecombinedinthepresenceofacatalyst.
NOTESTOTHETEXT
[1]electricpowerplants:
发电厂
[2]spinningshaft:
旋转轴
[3]coke:
焦炭
[4]ironore:
铁矿石
[5]limestone:
石灰岩
[6]coke-formingprocess:
焦炭形成过程
[7]solvents:
溶剂
[8]easilytransportablegas:
易输送的气体
l[9]liquidfuels:
液体燃料
[10]coal-basedvaporfuels:
以媒为基础的气态燃料
[11]gasification:
气化
[12]coalmine:
煤矿
[13]processingplants:
加工厂
[14]synthesisgas:
合成煤气
[15]carbonmonoxide:
一氧化碳
[16]methane:
沼气,甲烷
[17]cleaner-burninggas:
洁净煤气
[18]on-sitegasification:
地下气化
[19]liquefaction:
液化
[20]crudepetroleum:
原油
[21]hydrogen-deficienthydrocarbon:
缺氢碳氢化合物
[22]alternativefuels:
替代燃料
[23]pyrolysis:
高温分解
[24]hydrocarbonization:
碳氢化作用
[25]solventextraction:
溶剂提取
[26]catalyticliquefaction:
催化液化作用
[27]hydrogenation:
氢化作用
煤矿科技英语——3.FORMATIONANDCOMPONENTSOFCOAL
2006年8月1日12:
40:
0
Coalisasedimentaryrock[1]formedfromplantsthatflourishedmillionsofyearsagowhentropicalswamps[2]coveredlargeareasoftheworld.Lushvegetation[3],suchasearlyclubmosses[4],horsetails[5],andenormousferns,thrivedintheseswamps.Generationsofthisvegetationdiedandsettledtotheswampbottom,andovertimetheorganicmateriallostoxygenandhydrogen,leavingthematerialwithahighpercentageofcarbon.Layersofmudandsand[6]accumulatedoverthedecomposedplantmatter,compressingandhardeningtheorganicmaterialasthesedimentsdeepened.Overmillionsofyears,deepeningsedimentlayers,knownasoverburden,exertedtremendousheatandpressureontheunderlyingplantmatter,whicheventuallybecamecoal.
Beforedecayedplantmaterial[7]formscoal,theplantmaterialformsadarkbrown,compactorganicmaterialknownaspeat[8].Althoughpeatwillburnwhendried,ithasalowcarbonandhighmoisturecontentrelativetocoal.Mostofcoal’sheatingvaluecomesfromcarbon,whereasinorganicmaterials,suchasmoistureandminerals[9],detractfromitsheatingvalue.Forthisreason,peatisalessefficientfuelsourcethancoal.Overtime,aslayersofsedimentaccumulateoverthepeat,thisorganicmaterialformslignite[10],thelowestgradeofcoal.Asthethickeninggeologicoverburdengraduallydrivesmoisturefromthecoalandincreasesitsfixedcarboncontent,coalevolvesfromligniteintosuccessivelyhigher-gradedcoals:
subbituminouscoal[11],bituminouscoal[12],andanthracite[13].Anthracite,thehighestrankofcoal,hasnearlytwicetheheatingvalueoflignite.
CoalformationbeganduringtheCarboniferousPeriod(knownasthefirstcoalage),whichspanned360millionto290millionyearsago.CoalformationcontinuedthroughoutthePermian[14],Triassic[15],Jurassic[16],Cretaceous[17],andTertiary[18]Periods,whichspanned290millionto1.6millionyearsago.Coalsformedduringthefirstcoalageareolder,sotheyaregenerallylocateddeeperinEarth’scrust.Thegreaterheatandpressuresatthesedepthsproducehigher-gradecoalssuchasanthraciteandbituminouscoals.Conversely,coalsformedduringthesecondcoalageunderlessintenseheatandpressurearegenerallylocatedatshallowerdepths.Consequently,thesecoalstendtobelower-gradesubbituminousandlignitecoals.
Coalcontainsorganic(carbon-containing)compoundstransformedfromancientplantmaterial.Theoriginalplantmaterialwascomposedofcellulose[19],thereinforcingmaterial[20]inplantcellwalls[21];lignin[22],thesubstancethatcementsplantcellstogether;tannins[23],aclassofcompoundsinleavesandstems;andotherorganiccompounds,suchasfatsandwaxes.Inadditiontocarbon,theseorganiccompoundscontainhydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,andsulfur.Afteraplantdiesandbeginstodecayonaswampbottom,hydrogenandoxygen(andsmalleramountsofotherelements)graduallydissociatefromtheplantmatter,increasingitsrelativecarboncontent.
Coalalsocontainsinorganiccomponents,knownasash.Ashincludesmineralssuchaspyrite[24]andmarcasite[25]formedfrommetalsthataccumulatedinthelivingtissuesoftheancientplants.Quartz[26],clay,andothermineralsarealsoaddedtocoaldepositsbywindandgroundwater[27].Ash[28]lowersthefixedcarboncontentofcoal,decreasingitsheatingvalue.
NOTESTOTHETEXT
[1]sedimentaryrock:
沉积岩
[2]tropicalswamps:
热带沼泽
[3]Lushvegetation:
茂盛的植物
[4]clubmosses:
石松
[5]horsetails:
马尾(木贼属的一种植物)
[6]layersofmudandsand:
泥砂层
[7]decayedplantmaterial:
腐烂的植物材料
[8]peat:
泥炭
[9]minerals:
矿物
[10]lignite:
褐煤
[11]subbituminouscoal:
次烟煤
[12]bituminouscoal:
烟煤
[13]anthracite:
无烟煤
[14]Permian:
二叠纪
[15]Triassic:
三叠纪
[16]Jurassic:
侏罗纪
[17]Cretaceous:
白垩纪
[18]Tertiary:
第三纪
[19]cellulose:
纤维素
[20]reinforcingmaterial:
加固的材料
[21]cellwalls:
细胞壁
[22]lignin:
木质
[23]tannins:
丹宁,鞣酸
[24]pyrite:
黄铁矿
[25]marcasite:
白铁矿
[26]quartz:
石英
[27]groundwater:
地下水
[28]ash:
灰分
煤矿科技英语——4.COALDEPOSITSANDRESERVES
2006年8月1日11:
59:
0
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