考研英语冲刺考研英语阅读真题和答案.docx
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考研英语冲刺考研英语阅读真题和答案.docx
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考研英语冲刺考研英语阅读真题和答案
考研英语冲刺:
2005年考研英语阅读真题和答案
2005年考研英语阅读真题和答案
Text1
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas'alltoohuman',withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.
Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof"goodsandservices"thanmales.
SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.deWaal'sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.
Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.
Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.
1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby
[A]posingacontrast.
[B]justifyinganassumption.
[C]makingacomparison.
[D]explainingaphenomenon.
2.Thestatement"itisalltoomonkey"(Lastline,Paragraph1)impliesthat
[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.
[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature.
[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.
[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.
3.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare
[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.
[B]attentivetoresearchers'instructions.
[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.
[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions.
4.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys
[A]prefergrapestocucumbers.
[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings.
[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.
[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.
5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions
[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.
[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.
[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.
参考答案:
CBACBText2
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?
Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?
Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?
LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.
Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthatEarth'satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel'sreport:
"Scienceneverhasalltheanswer.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions."
Justasonsmoking,voicenowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit'sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:
bythetime100percentpeopleoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.
Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'sadvisersstilldon'ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof"paralysisbyanalysis."
Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon'ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.
6.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat.
[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.
[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant
[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife
[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense
7.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas
[A]aprotector.
[B]ajudge
[C]acritic
[D]aguide
8.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"paralysisbyanalysis"(Lastline,Paragraph4)?
[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.
[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth
[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress
[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making
9.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?
[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants
[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation
[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch
[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures
10.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause
[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment'snegligence.
[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.
[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.
[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.
参考答案:
CDADB Text3
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeakAcenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears,bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust"mentalnoise"-therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis"off-line".Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter."It'syourdream,"saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'sMedicalCenter."Ifyoudon'tlikeit,changeit"
Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the"emotionalbrain")isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontedcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet."Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday,"saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.
ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright'sclinicMostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'sevents-until,itappears,webegintodream.
Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisu
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