企业纳税筹划外文文献翻译.docx
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企业纳税筹划外文文献翻译.docx
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企业纳税筹划外文文献翻译
文献出处:
MUCAIGP,KINYAGS,NOORAI,etal.TaxPlanningandFinancialPerformanceofSmallScaleEnterprisesinKenya[J].2014:
3:
1236-1243.
原文
TaxPlanningandFinancialPerformanceofSmallScaleEnterprisesinKenya
MUCAIGP,KINYAGS,NOORAI
Abstract
Inordertoensuretheefficiencyandeffectivenessofactivities,reliabilityandcompliancewithapplicablelaws,smallscaleenterprisesneedtohaveadequatetaxcontrols.Thestudysoughttofindouttheextenttowhichexpenditureoncapitalassetsintaxplanning,todeterminehowtaxplanningbyCapitalStructureinfluenceperformanceofsmallenterprises,findouthowtaxplanningthroughAdvertisementexpenditureinfluenceperformanceofsmallenterprisesandtoassesshowtaxplanningthroughLegalFormsofenterpriseinfluenceperformanceofsmallenterprisesinEmbuCBD.Thestudyhadatotalpopulationofonehundredandfortyninerespondentsandasampleof30percentwasdrawnfromeachstratum.ThedatawasthenpresentedinformofPercentagesandTables.Thestudyfoundtheinfluenceoftaxplanningbycapitalstructure,taxplanningininvestment,capitalassetplanningthroughadvertisementexpenditureandfoundthattheLegalFormsofsmallenterprisesinEmbuCBDhasnosignificantrelationship.Thestudyrecommendsthatsmallscaleenterprisesshouldbereadytoseekadviceontaxplanning.Furthertothis,thestudyrecommendsthatthereisneedtohaveNGOstosensitizetherespondentsastotheneedtodoformaltaxplanningasitcouldincreasetheirBusinessprofitability.
KeyWords:
TaxAvoidance,TaxEvasion,TaxPlanning,CapitalStructure.
Introduction
Theconceptoftaxationhasbeenaconcernofglobalsignificanceasitaffectseveryeconomyirrespectiveofnationaldifferences(Obohetal.,2012).WithinthecontextofAfrica,tax,aconceptasoldasmankindcanbedescribedasanamount,effort,contributionorservicerenderedeitherinkind(goat,cow,farmproduce,clearingofgrassetc.)ormonetaryvaluecontributedintoacommonpursefortherunningofthesociety.AccordingtoOmotoso(2001),inhisdefinitionofthemoderntaxes,definedtaxasacompulsorychargeimposedbyapublicauthorityontheincomeofindividualsandcompaniesasstipulatedbythegovernmentdecrees,actsorcaselawsirrespectiveoftheexactamountofservicesrenderedtothepayerinreturn.Thus,taxesconstitutetheprincipalsourceofgovernmentrevenueandthebeautyofanygovernmentisforitscitizentovoluntarilyexecutetheirtaxobligationswithoutmuchcoercionandharassment(AdedejiandOboh,2012).
Taxevasionandfiscalcorruptionhavebeenageneralandpersistentproblemthroughouthistorywithseriouseconomicconsequences,notonlyintransitioneconomies,butalsoincountrieswithdevelopedtaxsystems(Raza,2011).Ingeneral,taxevasionandcorruptioncanhaveambiguouseffectsonEconomicgrowth:
taxevasionincreasestheamountofresourcesaccumulatedbyentrepreneurs,butitalsoreducestheamountofpublicservicessuppliedbythegovernment,thusleadingtonegativeConsequencesforeconomicgrowth(RoyandRaffaella,2011).Previousstudieshighlightreportsofdecliningeffectivetaxratesandarisingproportionoffirmsthatreportlittleornotaxliability.Todate,themaintainedassumptioninmuchoftheliteratureisthataggressivetaxbehavior,ratherthaneconomictrends,isthedrivingfactorbehindthisdecline(DesaiandDharmapala2009).
TheKenyaRevenueAuthority(K.R.A)isthetaxcollectionagencyofKenya.ItwasformedJuly1,1995toenhancetaxcollectiononbehalfoftheGovernmentofKenya.Itcollectsanumberoftaxesandduties,including:
valueaddedtax,incometaxandcustoms.SinceKRA'sinception,revenuecollectionhasincreaseddramatically,enablingthegovernmenttoprovidemuchneededservicestoitscitizenrylikefreeprimaryeducationandHealthServicestoall.Over90%ofannualnationalbudgetfundingcomesfromlocaltaxescollectedbytheKRA(GOK,2010).
ItishoweverimportanttoestablishwhethertheobservedincreasedrevenuecollectioneffectivenesshasresultedfromaggressivetaxmanagementbyKenyaRevenueAuthority(KRA)orwhetheritis,inpart,duetoincreaseduseoftheneweconomybusinessmodel.Thisisimportantbecausethesourcesoftaxavoidancehavedistinctpolicyimplications.Thepolicyresponsetotaxavoidancearisingfromaggressivetaxschemesandinvestmentsintaxplanningislikelytobeverydifferentfromtheresponsetotaxavoidancestemmingfromashiftinmanyfirms'organizational,operating,andfinancingattributes,whichenablethemtoexploittheiroperatingflexibilitytonaturallyalignwithtaxincentivesthatgeneratetaxsavings(Drucker2006).
ThedecreasingtrendineffectivetaxratesmaynotbesolelyduetoaggressivetaxmanagementbutRather,firms'modificationstotheirbusinessmodelsresultingfromchangingeconomictrendspotentiallyenablingthemtoreducetaxburdenswithoutadditionalinvestmentsintaxplanning(Blouin,andLarcker2011).
PerformanceofSmallEnterprises
Differentapproachesareusedperformanceevaluationinwhichgoalapproach,timeframeapproach,balancedscorecard,systemapproach,andineffectivenessapproachareincluded(Jean-Francois,2004).Instakeholderapproach,centreofattentionistheabilityofabusinesstomeettheneedsandexpectationsofitsstakeholders(Daft,1995).Competingvaluesapproachexpandstherangeofotherapproaches.
Byusingcompetingvaluesapproach,fourothermodelsaredevelopedinwhichrationalgoal;internalprocess,opensystemandhumanrelationsareincluded(QuinnandRohrbaugh,1983).Performanceofanorganizationcanbeevaluatedbyfocusingonproblemsandretardingfactorsthatinhibittheperformanceoforganizations(Camaron,1984).Outoftheabovementionedapproaches,goalapproachisthesuperlativeapproachtoevaluatetheperformanceduetoitsstraightforwardness(PfefferandSalancik1978).MosttrendyapproachofperformanceevaluationofSME'sisbalancedscorecardapproach.Balancedscorecardhasfourdimensionsinwhichfinancialgrowth,quality,customersandlearninggrowthisbuilt-in(KaplanandNorton,1992).Balancescorecardactuallyfocusesonmaintainingsymmetrybetweenmonetaryandnonmonetarymeasures(Neelyetal.1996).
Book-taxdifferences,onaverage,aresystematicallyrelatedtoearningsgrowth,futurestockreturns,andearningspersistence(Hanlon,2005)andamongotherimplications,book-taxdifferencesareusefulmeasuresinevaluatingfirmperformance.Consistentwiththesestudies,Shevlin(2002)andHanlon,Laplante,andShevlin(2005)findthatwhilebookincomeexplainsafirm'sannualstockreturnsbetterthanestimatedtaxableincome,estimatedtaxableincome,onaverage,hasincrementalexplanatorypowerforbookincome.However,thereislittleevidenceregardingtaxableincomeasanalternativeperformancemeasureand,inparticular,cross-sectionaldifferencesinfirmsthatmitigatesorenhancestheabilityoftaxableincometoinforminvestorsregardingfirmperformance(LevandNissim,2004).
SomeSME'scomparetheirperformancewiththatofotherSME's.Theyevaluatetheirperformancebymeansofcomparativeanalysis.Performancecanalsobeevaluatedbymeansofineffectivenessapproach.Inineffectivenessapproach,focusisonthefactorsthathampersthefeatoforganizations.ThereforethisstudyseekstoinvestigatetheextenttowhichTaxPlanninginfluencesFinancialPerformanceofSmallEnterprisesinEmbutownCBD
TaxPlanning
TheimplementationsituationofSMEincometaxplanningisdistortedtaxplanning,thatistosay,ontheonehand,moreandmoreSMEpaytaxinaccordancewiththelaw,andontheotherhand,becauseoftheroleoftheinterestmechanismandothervariousreasons,moreandmoreSMEtax-relatedcasesappear(KaringandWanjala,2005).Accordingtothesurvey,thevastmajoritiesSMEhavenotyetstartedorareconsideringcarryingouttaxplanning,whichcannotfightforthelegitimatetaxinterestsandruinfinancialinterestsleadingtoalargenumberofemergingadditionaltaxburden(FjeldstadandRakne,2003).Inaddition,SMEtaxplanningistreatedunreasonable.Duetothelimitationsoftheconcept,SMEtaxplanningactivitiesoftenencountermisunderstanding,punishmentandcensorfromsomebasictaxationlawenforcementagencies(KaringandWanjala,2005).
Taxlawissaidtobebarelyconnectedwiththeuniverseandwithuniversallawasweunderstandit.However,taxlawisfoundednotonlyonprinciplesbutalsoonpracticality.Thereisnoelementofperpetuityabouttaxlaw,onlytheconstantclashoftheimmediateandsemipermanent(KibuaandNziok,2004).AStatecannotrunademocracywellwithouttaxationandataxationsystemcannotberunwellwithoutdemocracy.OliverWendellHolmeshassaidononeoccasion,"Taxesarewhatwepayforcivilizedsociety"(Neelyetal.1996).
StatementoftheProblem
Taxreformtodayhasbeenmovingtowardsconsideringnewlegislation,suchaswholenewtaxesorreliefs,ratherthanpatchingofexistingtaxesbyeitherincreasingordecreasingtheamountoftaxation.Thisbreaksdownintothefactthatthereareongoingconsiderationsofwideningthetaxbase.Kenyaisnoexceptiontothisandthereareongoingconsiderationsintotaxingtheinformalor"juakali'sectorincludingthetaxationofthe"mitumba',thesecondhandclothingindustryaswellasthetaxationofallinformaltaxpayersofsmallamounts.
AquestionthatappearstogeneratesurprisinglylittledebateinKenyaisthescopeforlegallymitigatingtaxespayablebyindividualsandcorporateentities.Taxplanningisboundtogainincreasingsignificancewitht
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