9093研究生入学考试英语试题.docx
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9093研究生入学考试英语试题.docx
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9093研究生入学考试英语试题
1990年全国硕土学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Ⅱ. 1
InMayl989,spaceshuttle"Atlantis"releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe"Megallan",
whichisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.Anewphaseinspace
explorationhasbegun.
TheplanetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth;itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolar
system,infact,thatevencomesclosetoearth'ssize.Venushasasimilardensity,soitisproba-
blymadeofapproximatelythesanlestuff,andithasanatmosphere,completewithclouds.Itis
alsotheclosestplanettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.Inshort,
Venusseemstojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof"earth'stwin."
ThesurfacetemperatureofVenusreachessome900F.Addedtothatisanatmosphericpres-
sureabout90timesEarth's:
Highoverheadinthecarbondioxidethatpassesforairisa
layerofclouds,perhapsIOto20milesthick,whoselittledropsconsistmostlyofsulfuricacid
(H2SO4).Waterisallbutnonexistent.
Bornwithsomanyfundamentalsimilaritiestoearth,howdidVenusgettobesoradically
different:
Itisnotjustanacademicmatter.Forallitsextremes,Venusisavaluablelaboratoryfor
researchersstudyingtheweatherandclimateofearth.Ithasnoearth'soceans,sotheheattrans-
portandothermechanismsaregreatlysimplified.Inaddition,theplanetVenustakes243earth-
daystoturnonceonitsaxis,soincomingheatfromthesunisaddedanddistributedatamore
leisurely,observablepace.
16.VenusissimilartoEarthin__
A.sizeanddensityB.distancefromthesun
C.havingatmosphereD.alloftheabove
17.ThegreatestvalueinstudyingVenusshouldbeto__
A.allowustovisitthereB.understandEarthbetter
C.findanewsourceofenergyD.promoteanewspaceprogram
18.Themainideaofthispassageisabout_
A.problemsofspacetravelB.scientificmethodsinspaceexploration
C.theimportanceofVenustoEarthD.conditionsonVenus
2
TouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRome's
mainavenues.Italy'spoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeeneven
morepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200,OOOwomeninaparadingproces-
sionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.
Shoutingslogans,wavingflagsanddancingtodrumbeats,thewomenhadcometothecapi-
talfromalloverItalytodemonstratefor"ajobforeachofus,adifferenttypeofjob,andasoci-
etywithoutviolence".Sofar,actiontoimprovewomen'sopportunitiesinemploymenthasbeen
theprovinceofcollectiveindustrtalbargaining."Butthereisagrowingawarenessthatthisisnot
enough,"saysaresearcheronfemalelaboratthegovemment-fundedInstitutefortheDevelop-
mentofProfessionalTrainingforWorkers.
Women,whoconstitute52percentofItaly'spopulation,todayrepresentonly35percent
ofItaly'stotalworkforceand33percentofthetotalnumberofItalianswithjobs.However,
theirpresenceintheworkplaceisgrowing.Theemploymentofwomenisexpandingconsiderably
inservices,nexttothepublicadministrationandcommerceastheirprincipalworkplace.Official
statisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreand
morewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusiness
becauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshave
disappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgementsonpurelybusinesscon-
siderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.
Suchchangesareoccurringintheprofessionstoo.Thenumberofwomendoctors,dentists,
lawyers,engineersanduniversityprofessorsincreasedtwotothreefold.Someofthechangesare
immediatelyvisible.Forexample,womenhaveappearedonthesceneforthefirsttimeasstate
police,railwayworkersandstreetcleaner.
However,thepresentsituationisfarfromsatisfactotythoughsomeprogresshasbeenmade.
Abreakthroughinequalopportunitiesforwomenisnowdemanded.
19.Theexpression"snakethroughcentralRome"probablymeans"tomove_
A.quietlythroughcentralRome"
B.violentlythroughcentralRome"
C.inalongwindinglinethroughcentralRome"
D.ataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome"
20.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
A.TherearemorewomenthanmeninItaly.
B.InItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinservices.
C.InItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinemployment.
D.InItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbymen.
21.About200,OOOwomeninRomedemonstratedfor_
A.morejobopportunitiesB.agreatervarietyofjobs
C."equaljob,equalpay"D.bothAandB
22.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_
A.TheRoleofWomenisSociety
B.WomenDemonstrateforEqualityinEmployment
C.WomenasSelf-enlployedProfessionals
D.WomenandtheJobsMarket
3
"Theoldideathattalantedchildren"burnthemselvesout"intheearlyyears,and,therefore,are
subjectedtofailureandatworst,mentalillnessifunfounded.Asamatteroffact,theoutstandingthingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.
Tofindthisout,l,500giftedpersonswerefolloweduptotheirthirty-fifthyearwiththese
results:
.
Onadultintelligencetests,theyscoredashighastheyhadaschildren.Theywere,asa
group,ingoodhealth,physicallyandmentally.84percentoftheirgroupweremarriedand
seemedcontentwiththeirlives.
About70percenthadgraduatedfromcollege,thoughonly30percenthadgraduatedwith
honors.Afewhadevendroppedout,butnearlyhalfofthesehadreturnedtograduate.
Ofthemen,80percentwereinoneoftheprofessionsorinbusinessmanagementor
semiprofessionaljobs.Thewomenwhohadremainedsinglehadoffice,business,orprofessional
occupations.
Thegrouphadpublished90booksand1,500articlesinscientific,scholarly,andliterary
magazinesandhadcollectedmorethan100patents.
Inamaterialwaytheydidnotdobadlyeither.Averageincomewasconsiderablyhighera-
mongthegiftedpeople,especiallythemen,thanforthecountryasawhole,despitetheircom-
parativeyouth.
Infact,farfrombeingstrange,mostofthegiftedwereturningtheirearlypromiseintoprac-
ticalreality.
23.Theoldideathattalentedchildren"bumthemselvesout"intheearlyyearsis_
A.trueinallsensesB.refutedbytheauthor
C.medicallyprovenD.abeliefoftheauthor
24.Thesurveyofbrightchildrenwasmadeto
A.findoutwhathadhappenedtotalentedchildrenwhentheybecameadults
B.provethattalentedchildren"burnthemselvesout"intheearlyyears
C.discoverthepercentageofthosementaUyillamongthegifted
D.provethattalentedchildrenneverbumthemselvesout
25.Intelligencetestsshowedthat_
A.brightchildrenwereunlikelytobementallyhealthy
B.betweenchildhoodandadulthoodtherewasaconsiderablelossofintelligence
C.talentedchildrenweremostlikeLytobecomegiftedadults
D.whentalentedchildrengrewintoadults,theymadelowscores
5urpersonalitiesand
behaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthaslit-
tle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.
Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosuchagreat
degreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbvourinstincts.
Thosewhosupportthe"nurture"theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalled
behaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedin-
stinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeings
whosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.(64)Thebehavioristsmain-
tainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.
Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,of-
feredbythetwotheories.(65)Supponersofthe"nature"theoryinsistthatwearebornwitha
certaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay.Theydon'tbelieve
thatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredetemlinedcharac-
tedstic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofour
experiences.(66)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwherethere
aremanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperience
greaterintellectualdevelopment.
Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.(67)IntheUnited
States,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome"na-
ture"proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.(68)Behaviorists,in
contrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyof
theeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy..
Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.
1991年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Ⅱ.Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Forachquestionfouranswers
aregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchnosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.
PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30poinb)
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