中国平困问题FINAL PAPER ENGLISH US COLLEGE CLASS.docx
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中国平困问题FINALPAPERENGLISHUSCOLLEGECLASS
HON322AFINALPAPER
PovertyinChina
Student’sName:
ArioXiaoQin
StudentID#:
235423188
Professor:
ClarkFord
DueDate:
May1,2012
UrbanandRuralPovertyinChina
Theproblemofpovertyhasreceivedattentionovertheworldhistory,andmanyareworkingonfindingwaystoreducepoverty.
Whatispoverty?
OnWikipediaitdefines“povertyisthestateofonewholacksacertainamountofmaterialpossessionsormoney.Povertycanusuallyfallintotwocategories:
absolutepovertyandrelativepoverty.Absolutepovertyreferstotheonewholacksbasichumanneeds,likecleanwater,healthcare,clothingandeducation.About1.7billionpeopleareestimatedtoliveinabsolutepovertytoday.Relativepovertyreferstothelackingofausualorsociallyacceptablelevelofresourcesorincomeascomparedwithotherwithinasocietyorcountry.(“Poverty”,par.1)
However,analysisaboutpovertyinthescopeofphysicalsatisfactionisincomplete.Lackofemotionalneeds,backwardbelieves(laggingbehindthesociety,ortheworldasawhole),culturallagaresignificantperformancesinpovertyaswell.China,astheworld’sbiggestdevelopingcountry,revealspovertyinbothphysicalandspiritualaspectswithhisuniquecharacteristics.
TheamountofpeopleinpovertyinChinaaccountsfor20%ofworldpovertypopulation.Accordingtothepopulationcensusin2009,150millionpeoplearelivingunderpovertyline($1perday).(“RuralandUrbanPovertyinChina”,par.2)‘Sincethestartofprofoundandlastingeconomicreformsinthelate1970s,growthhasfueledaremarkableincreaseinpercapitaincomeandadeclineinthepovertyratefrom85%in1981to16%in2005’(“PovertyinChina”,par.1).However,atthesametime,therehavebeenincreasesintheinequalityofincome,healthandeducationoutcomes.Thegapofwealthincreasesrapidlybetweenurbanandruralareas.
ThisessayisageneraloverviewofpovertyinChinainruralandurbanareas.ItwillcovercharacteristicsofpovertyinChina,factorsthatcontributestoandaggravatetopovertyandpossiblesolutionsforpovertyreduction.
Partone:
Firstpartisthemainreasonscontributetopovertyingeneral.
1.Historicalfactor.Thepoverty,backwardnessandfeeblenessofoldChina;afterthefoundingofNewChina,issuesaboutlargepopulation,poordecisionsofpolicysystematinitialstate,lowproductivityandcultureandimprisonmentonthoughts.Thesearekeyfactorsleadtolong-termpovertyofmanypeopleinruralarea,lowincomeinurbanarea.
2.Resourcesscarcity.Thereare592keypoverty-stuckcountiesinChina.Theyaremostlyinextremelypoornaturalareascommonlywithmountainsandplateaus.Theamountofpeopleinthesecountiesconstituting10%ofthetotalpopulation,buttheycompriseover40%oftotalpovertypopulationinChina.
3.Unbalanceddevelopmentinvariousregions.Basedonpopulationcensusin1996,16%ofthepoorareinwestpart,midpartaccountsformorethan50%povertypopulationandwesternparthas28%.
4.Incomeallocation.Thisimpactismainlyreflectedininequality.China’sgrowthhasbeensofastthatvirtuallyeveryhouseholdhasbenefitedsignificantly.However,differentpeoplehavebenefitedtoverydifferentextents,sothatinequalityhasrisenduringthereformperiod.Wealthareconcentratedinthehandsoffewpeople,thegapofwealthkeepsincreasing.
5.Highunemploymentrate.March,22,2010,PremierJiabaoWentalkedaboutpovertyandunemploymentissuesintheChinaDevelopmentForum2010,hesaid”therewere200millionpeoplewhoarecurrentlyunemployment!
”.Thissoundslikeanexaggeration.1in7peopleinChinaisunemployed!
Thepopulationcensusfrom2005-2011showedthattheunemploymentrateisabout4-5%,andover9%insomewell-developedcities.However,noonebelievesit,evenstatisticalandlabordepartmentsthemselves.UnemploymentisaverysensitivetopicinChina.Theofficialunemploymentcalculationistryingtounderstatetheissue.Itdoesnotincludelaid-offworkers,workerswhoaren'tregisteredwithlocalgovernmentsandunemployedpopulationfromruralareatocities.Ifallofthesefactorstakeintoaccount,someexpertspointedout“therealunemploymentrate=publicunemployment+invisibleunemployment+laid-offpopulation+ruralunemploymentflowintothecities=17.38%”.Ifwefollowedtherealunemploymentrate,223millionpeopleareunemployedinChina,whichprovesPremierJiabaoWenwasright.(“Sinanews”)
6.Familyandindividual’sproblems.Singleparentfamily,familywithverysickandoldpeopleiseasiertostickintopoverty.BecauseofthepoorsocialsecurityandservicesysteminChina,peopleincludeslonelyelders,orphans,disabilities,low-incomegroups,noandlowleveleducationgroupsaremainbasisofpoverty.
(“PovertyIssueinChina”,par.2)
PartTwo:
Secondpartwillbemorespecificallyfocusedonurbanareas.Beforegoingtothissection,theuniquemigrationsysteminChinawillbediscussedfirstforbetterunderstandingthesituation.
Chinahasa‘hukou’systemthatseverelyrestrictedpeople’smobility.HukouisChinesetermsthatdefineagroupoffamilymembers,includingone’sgrandparents,parents,wifeandchildren,detailedinformationaboutwheretheyliveandbelongto.Hukoupolicyhasover2000yearsofhistoryinChina.Eachpersonhasaregistrationineitheraruralareaorurbanarea.Itisveryhardtochangeindividual’shukouwithoutthepermissionofthereceivingjurisdiction.Peoplewhosehukouindicatestheyarefromurbanareaswillreceiveadvancededucationalandsocialbenefits.“Inpracticecitiesusuallygiveregistrationtoskilledpeoplewhohaveoffersofemployment,buthavegenerallybeenreluctanttoprovideregistrationtomigrantsfromthecountryside”,(‘PovertyinChina’,par.4).Nevertheless,thesemigrantsareneededforeconomicdevelopment,andlargenumberofpopulationinfactmigrated.Manyofthesefallintothecategoriesof“floatingpopulation”.Becauseofthegoodeducationandsocialbenefitopportunities,tripledincomecomparetoruralareas(3:
1,thiscanbeconsideredasahugewealthgap),manyofthesehaveallpracticalpurposesmovedintoacity.However,itisveryhardtogetofficialregistrationincitieswithoutagoodcareerandreason;manyofthesefloatingpeopleeventuallybecomepoorestandcheapestlaborforceincities.Theymayneverworkouthukouproblem.Discriminationoccursoften.Thispolicyextremelyrestrictedpeople’smobility,increasedthegapofwealth,andinequality.Chinesegovernmenthasmadecontributesaboutchanginghukousystembutveryslowly.(Wikipediagivesaverygoodexplaininhukousystemaswell,“PovertyinChina”,par.4)
Nowthisessaywilldiscussthepovertyfactorsinurbanareas.
1.Highunemploymentratesinurbanisthemainreasonresultinpoverty,whichhasbeendiscussedabove.
2.Manyrestrictionsinlabormarketandgovernmentcannotsolvethisprobleminshorttime.Forexample,restrictiononmigrationandlandpolicylimitsthemobilityoflabor,whichgeneratesdifferentincomesundersameamountoflaborforce.Discriminationinrespectofemploymentandoccupation.Asaconsequence,manylowincomepeoplewithnocompetitivenessadvantagescannotchangetheirincomestatusbychangingcareerandhardworking.(connectedthisproblemwith“hukou”policyintroductionabove)
3.Priceriserapidlyduringlast20years,buttheincomeleveldoesnotincreasetoomuch.Manyincitiescannotaffordforhouserentandbasicdailyneeds.
4.Unbalancedincomeallocation.Thisproblemhasbeendiscussedintheearlierpartaswell.Inaddition,aspeoplewhosehukouindicatestheybelongstocity,ontheonehand,theyreceivebenefitsfromlocalgovernment;ontheotherhand,becauseofthebenefits,somecitieswillnolongerprovidesubsidyandpartofthehealthcaretolow-incomebutinProvincecitizen.(ProvinceisatermthatsameasStateinUnitedStates)Healthcare,housingandpensionbecomeindividual’sresponsiblyinsteadofgovernmentintervention.
5.Thefastspeedofurbanizationexpropriatedfarmlandresultsmanyfarmerscannotmaketheirliving.Theincreaseinlaborforceeveryyearisabout10million,atleast2millionpeoplecannotemployment.
(“RuralandUrbanPovertyinChina”,par.1)
PartThree:
Part3isaboutruralpoverty.ThispartismoreinterestingespeciallyforpeopledonotunderstandChinesecultureandhistory.
1.PovertyismoreconcentratedinWesternandharshphysicalenvironmentarea.592keypoverty-stuckcountiesaremostlyinextremelypoornaturalareascommonlywithmountainsandplateaus.
2.Relativepovertyproblembecomesmoresevere.Especiallyfarmersinmid-west.Lowpricelevelforagricultureproductshasexistedfortoolong.Incomebyproducingagricultureproductsisinsignificanttosupporttheirlive.Therateofruralincomegrowthismuchlowerthanthatinurban.Accordingtothedatafromstatisticaldepartment,in2011theaverageurbandisposableincomenowearnsmorethan3timescomparetoruraldisposableincome.From1986to2007,urbanincomerisesfrom1,189to18,007Yuan,whileruralincomerisesfrom426to3946Yuan.Also,differentlocalpolicesincreasethegapbetweendifferentruralareas.
RuralandUrbanIncome
BlueLine---RuralIncome
PinkLine---UrbanIncome
(“RuralPovertyinChina”,par.1)
3.Povertypassesfromgenerationtogeneration.Inpoorruralareas,educationisabigproblem.Thepoorerthefamilyis,thelowertheireducationwillbe.Thisissuecausesruralpopulationdonothavetheopportunitiestouppersociety.Itisnotastrangephenomenontoseethatsomestudentshaveaccept
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