专项阅读.docx
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专项阅读.docx
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专项阅读
2011年考研英语备考:
英语阅读专项特训(6)
Text6
Theimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationsnetworkconsistingofmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsets,thesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesswarmingaroundahive.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatisprompt,appropriate,effectiveandself-limiting.
Theheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnon-self.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignofnon-selfmolecules,theimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheinvaders.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody’simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaselfmarker.Rather,theimmunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanonselfmolecule,thesystemhastheabilitytorememberthespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespeciesofmolecule,theimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodiespassedduringlactation,thisso-calledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamily,yourimmunesystemmustlearnfromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenonselfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobesinwhichwelive,learningnecessitatesproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnon-selfinvader.
Anysubstancecapableofstimulatinganimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividual(exceptanidenticaltwin,whosecellscarryidenticalselfmarkers)actasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeign,itrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimary,nonantigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitomes,whichstickoutfromitssurface.Mostantigens,eventhesimplestmicrobes,carryseveraldifferentkindsofepitomesontheirsurface,somemayevencarryseveralhundred.Someepitomeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnon-selfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.
Theresultcanbeso-calledautoimmunedisease.Thepainfulsideeffectsofthosediseasesarecausedbyaperson’simmunesystemactuallyattackingitself.(427words)
1.Weknowfromthepassagethattheimmunesystem_______________
[A]isnolesscomplicatedthanthenervoussystem.
[B]farexceedsthehumanbraininintricacy.
[C]isenclosedbynumeroussensitivecells.
[D]resultsinaneffectivecommunicationsnetwork.
2.Theprincipaltaskoftheimmunesystemisto_______________
[A]recognizeandeliminateallforeignmoleculesthatenterthebody.
[B]removeallthesubstancesthatinvadethebodyorganisms.
[C]defendthebodyfromtheattacksofdifferentvirusesandbacteria.
[D]identifyandspecifyallnonselfmoleculesitencounters.
3.Therememberingpowerofaperson’simmunesystemis_______________
[A]mostlydescendedfromhis/herancestors.
[B]partiallypasseddownfromhis/hermother.
[C]mainlyacquiredthroughfightingagainstforeigncells.
[D]basicallygeneratedbyitscommunicationsnetwork.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?
[A]Atissuetransplantedfromfathertodaughterwouldbelessacceptablethanthattransplantedbetweentwins.
[B]Theimmunesystemwouldneverwronglyidentifyselfasnonselfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.
[C]Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanonselfmolecule,thesystemwillrememberthespecificsoftheforeignbody.
[D]Theimmunecellsandotherbodycellscancoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasselftolerance.
5.Themainideaofthepassagemaybegeneralizedas_______________
[A]thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindistinguishingforeignsubstances.
[B]thenormalandabnormalactivitiesoftheimmunesysteminthebody.
[C]theunfavorableeffectsoftheimmunesystemonorgantransplantation.
[D]theessentialdutiesoftheimmunesysteminguardingthebody.
核心词汇
intricacyn.错综复杂的事物;纷繁难懂之处
dynamica.动态的,有动力的,有力的
backandforth来回地,反复地
hiven.蜂房,蜂箱
organismn.生物体,有机体
moleculen.分子
tissuen.(动、植物的)组织;薄的纱织品
antigenn.抗原
epitomen.摘要,缩影,化身
microben.微生物,细菌
2011年考研英语备考:
英语阅读专项特训(5)
Text5
Itistrue,asthemovementcriticsassert,thatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamong“middleclass”women,thatis,collegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationand,toalesserextent,exploitationthroughconsumption,havebeenthemostprominentones.
Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomen,andshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovote,thechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomen,theyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.
Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoric(everyboycanbecomepresident)andtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infact,becauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupwardmobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thus,fromtheirownexperience,radicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimits,theyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.
AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infact,thatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconsciousverbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsreality,forweexpectmoreofourcomrades.
Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:
1)apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrier(andperhapsaresultanthopelessness),and2)atendencytoretreatinward,tobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.
However,ourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditions,biologicalandeconomic,thatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforselffulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.(468words)
1.What’sthebasicdifferencebetweenMiddleClasswomenandotherwomenintheliberationmovement?
[A]MiddleClasswomenarenotmarriedandhavenochildren.
[B]MiddleClasswomenarenotafraidoftheirhusbands.
[C]Otherwomengrowupwithnorightstovote.
[D]Otherwomenhavelesscontroloftheirownlives.
2.Whatcanweinferfromthethirdparagraph?
[A]Whatmakeswomendependentistheireconomicstatus.
[B]Socialdemocraticdevelopmentplaysapartinsocialinequality.
[C]Womencanachievetheirsocialequalitythrougheducation.
[D]Theupwardmobilityladderdeniesaccesstowomen.
3.Whatdoradicalwomenexpectmorefromtheirmalecounterparts?
[A]Morerealrespectforsexequality.
[B]Morefinancialhelp.
[C]Morepoliticalsupport.
[D]Moreactiveinvolvementintheirmovement.
4.Accordingtothepassage,whentheyrealizetheprejudiceintheirmovement,alotofwomenmight
[A]becomehopelessandpretendtolivetheirownhappylife.
[B]fightmorebravelytogetrealequalitywithmen.
[C]buyssomegoldsoastostoreenoughmoneyforthemselves.
[D]retreatfromthemovementandfocusonbettereducation.
5.Accordingtotheauthor,theimplicationofthelastparagraphisthatmostwomen
[A]areeagertobeliberatedbyusfromoppression.
[B]canretreatfromtheliberationmovementtoo.
[C]couldn’tcreatetheliberatedlifestyleaswedo.
[D]haveastrongdesireforself-fulfillmentaswedo.
核心词汇
criticn.批评家,评论家
assertv.主张,声明,断言
liberationn.解放
psychologicala.心理(学)的
exploitationn.开发,开采,自私的利用
consumptionn.消耗量,消费量;消耗,消费,挥霍
prominenta.杰出的;显著的;突出的;重要的
bourgeoisn.中产阶级的人a.中产阶级的
dominatev.支配,占优势
consciousnessn.意识,知觉,自觉
radicaln.激进分子,原子团a.激进的,根本的,基本的,彻底的
sophisticateda.尖端的,复杂的,先进的;老练的,老于世故的
democratica.民主的
contradictionn.反驳,矛盾
upward-mobility上进心,向上倾向
oppressionn.压抑,沉闷,压迫手段
racismn.民族主义;种族歧视(意识)
imperialismn.帝国主义
concretelyad.具体地
verbalizationn
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