常见题型及写作技巧.docx
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常见题型及写作技巧.docx
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常见题型及写作技巧
常见题型及写作技巧
1.段首句作文
给出每一段句子的第一句英文,然后根据段首句进行扩写。
段首句给出了全文的框架,为考生提供了段落发展的有利条件,学生只需增加材料加以扩充,相对而言,较为简单,考生在文章的结构和内容安排上不易出差错.
短首句作文的解题步骤:
1).准确理解文章标题
文章标题是文章主题思想的高度浓缩和概括.它给写作限定了一个范围,文章的写作均围绕标题展开.因此,准确理解标题,写作是就不会跑题,并能把握住文章的体裁,如说明文,记叙文,议论文.
2).找准关键词,确定段落内容
段首句提供了该段的中心思想,然而,要把握段落扩展的范围和方向,保持与主题的统一性,则要寻找关键词.围绕它进行展开.
3).确定段落的发展方法
这一步就是要考虑文章的写作方法,突出主题.要根据不同的段首句选择不同的段落发展方法.主要方法有例证法,因果法,列举法,比较法,对照法.这些方法的灵活应用,可使文章脉络清晰,逻辑性强.
4).搞清段落与段落之间的关系
给出的段首句实际上是文章的大体结构和内容.因此,应通过对标题和关键词的反系和推敲,宏观统筹各段的写作内容,不要使起内容重复.各段所选的扩充材料也应具有代表性,能充分证明,解释主题句的思想内涵.
如下例所示:
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic“Sports” in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its idea in completing the paragraph. Your composition should be approximately 120 to 150 words, not including the words already given.
1. Almost everybody likes sports.…
2. People in different places like different sports. …
3. As for, …
Sample1:
Sports
Almost everybody likes sports. More and more people, men and women, the young and the old, are willing to take part in some kind of sports nowadays. Sports are no longer limited to a few professional sportsmen. It has, in fact, become the most popular form of recreation and relaxation that practically all can enjoy. This is because sports help to keep people fit, strong and healthy, and consequently help people to live a happier, fuller and longer life.
People in different places like different sports. For example, those people living in a hot climate or near rivers, lakes or the sea generally like to go swimming, while those living in a cold climate or near snow-capped mountain areas enjoy shining. The Mongolians, living on the prairie, are famous for their horse racing, and the Arabs, being in the desert, are noted for their camel riding. In fact, people almost everywhere have their own special types of sports.
As for me, my favorite kind of sports is fishing. Weather permitting, I always go to fish in the small river near my home on Sundays. In order to be a successful fisherman, I have to be patient and attentive, quick of eye and deft of hand. Apart from catching some fish and staying in shape, I have learned quite a lot of things through fishing.
2.提纲式作文
提纲式作文是今年来最为常见的题型,应引起考生的注意..
提纲式作文是一种限制性命题作文,给出文章各段所需表达的中心(一般为用中文表达),它为考生提供了一个指导性的写作框架.考生应仔细分析提纲,弄清短文的段落层次,把握命题者的真正意图,切不可随心所欲,写一些与提纲不符的话.
提纲其实已隐含了各段落的主题,其功能相当于主题句,考生只需对其进行告诉概括,形成主题句,就可转化为段首句作文.但需注意概括出的主题句不是对提纲进行逐字翻译.另外,一般情况下,提纲作文有三点提示,一般写成3段式,但如果提纲中只有两点提示,考生则需增加一个合适的开篇或结尾段.提纲式作文可分为比较类、对比类、驳论类和立论类.
提纲作文的写作步骤
1).仔细阅读并分析短文的标题及提纲,悟出文章的主题思想,并确定命题者的出题思路和文章体裁.如果提纲为汉语,应考虑如何用英语完整地表达;如果是英语提纲也应注意领会其含义,写出主旨句.
2).根据上面分析的结果,写出各段的段首句(主题句),无比注意言简意赅,高度浓缩,并能体现出关键词的统领作用.
3).根据正确论证方法,确定各段内容,然后扩句成段,连段成篇.其中在搜索材料的环节应注意选择最能说明问题,即与文章标题,提纲及所归纳的主题句关系最为密切的两三个要点.
1、比较类:
如:
PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports.所给的outline是:
1、参加体育运动有许多好处。
2.但也有副作用。
3.你的体会。
Sample2:
Sportsdousgoodinmanyrespects.Itgoeswithoutsayingthattakingexercisescanbuildupourphysicalstrength.Incollectivesportslikebasketball,volleyballorfootball,wewilllearntheimportanceofcooperation.Whiletakingpartinsportsgame,wewilltryourbesttowinandarouseinourselvesthecompetitivespirit.Sportscanalsohelpusrelaxafteraperiodofexhaustedwork.
Asthesayinggoes,“therearetwosidestoeverything.”Wemayhurtotherplayerorourselvesifwearenotcarefulenoughwhenparticipatinginsportsactivities.Ontheotherhand,excessiveorseveretrainingcandoharmtoourhealth.
Generallyspeaking,Ilovesports.Ifeelthatsportsmakemehealthybothphysicallyandpsychologically.Ihavealsomademanyfriendsandgainedmuchpleasurethroughtakingpartinsportsactivities.
2、对比类:
如:
CanMoneyBuyHappiness?
所给的outline是:
1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本(sourceofhappiness)。
2.也有人认金钱是万恶之源..(rootofallevil).3.我的看法。
Sample3:
Whatismoney?
Tothisquestion,differentpeopleholddifferentanswers.Somethinkthatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.Intheireyes,moneymeansbighouses,beautifulclothesorluxuriouscars,whichenablethemandtheirfamiliestolivecomfortably.Theyevenbelievethatmoneycanbringbigpower,friendshipandlove.
However,somebelievemoneyistherootofallevil.Toillustrate,theysaythatduetothetemptationofmoneysomepeoplebecomethieves,robbersormurderers.Itisalsooutofthegreedformoney,theysay,thatsomeofficialsforgettheirdutyandcauseenormouslossestothecountry.
Infact,moneyismerelyamediumofexchange.Itmaybringyouhappiness;itmayleadyou tocrime.Whetheritisgoodorbaddependsonhowitisused.
3、驳论类:
和对比类作文有相似之处,但着重点是对一个错误观点的批驳。
如:
:
Do"LuckyNumbers"ReallyBringGoodLuck?
所给的outline是:
1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。
2.我认为数字和运气无关。
Sample4:
Manypeoplebelievethatnumberscarrymagicpowerandsomenumberscanbringgoodluck.Itiswell-knownthatmostChinesepeopleconsider“six”,“eight”,and“nine”asluckynumbersandsettheirjoyouseventsondaysthatcarrysuchnumbers.Telephonenumbersandcarnumbersconsistingofsuchnumbersaresopopularthatsometimestheycanbesoldathighprices.Somepeoplehavetheirownspecial“luckynumber”andtakeitveryseriously.Oneofmyclassmateconsiders“three”ashisluckynumberandheevenrefusestogooutifhecan’tfindtwocompanions.
Idon’tbelievenumbershaveanythingtodowithluck.Take,forexample,thenumber“four”,whichwasonceconsideredasanunluckynumberbecauseitpronouncesthesameas“death”inChinese.Now,aftersomeonefindsoutthatitpronouncesinmusicthesameas“enrichment”inChinese,“four”becomesaluckynumber.Itispsychologicalfactorthatmakespeoplebelievein“luckynumbers”.
再如:
GlobalShortageofFreshWater1.人们认为淡水是取之不尽的(提示:
雨水,河水,井水)2.实际上淡水是短缺的(提示:
人口增加,工业用水增加,污染严重)3.我们应当怎么办(提示:
节约用水,开发新水源)
Sample:
GlobalShortageofFreshWater
Peopleoftenthinkthatwaterwillneverbeusedup.Thereisplentyofwater,suchasrain,waterfromtheriversandwells.Itseemsasifwaterisalwaysavailablearoundusandweneverhavetoworryaboutwatershortage.
Infactwaterisratherlimitedontheearth.Withtherapidincreaseofpopulationandfastdevelopmentofindustries,waterismoreneededthanbefore.Atthesametime,alargeamountofwaterhasbeenpollutedandwastedeveryday.SomebigcitiesinChinaarefacingtheproblemofwatershortagealready.There,watersupplyiscontrolledandindustryhasbeenrestrained.
Whatshouldwedoaboutthewatershortage?
Ithink,first,thepeople shouldbemadeawareoftherealsituationaboutthewater.Everyoneshouldconsciouslysaveonwaterandcertainlawshouldbemadethatnowaterwillbepolluted.Wehavetoprotecttheexistingwaterresourcesanddevelopnewones.InthiswayIbelievethatourcitieswillnotbethirstyforwaterinthefuture.
4、立论类:
如:
TheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller.所给的outline是:
1.现代化的交通工具越来越发达。
2.人与人之间的交往越来越频繁。
3.结论。
Sample5:
Moreandmoreoftenwehearpeoplesay“theworldisgettingsmallerandsmaller”.
Thefirstreasonforthatiswearenowhavingmoreandmoreadvancedtransportation.Frombicyclestoprivatecars,fromstemlocomotivestoelectriclocomotives,fromtrainstoairplanes,thehighlydevelopedtransportationhasgreatlyshortenedthedistancewhichseemedtoofartocover.
Anotherreasonisthatinthismodernsocietyweneedtocontactfrequentlywitheachother.Everydaywemustdealwithalotofpeopleknownorunknowntoustohaveourworkdone,andtherapiddevelopmentoftraffictransportationmakesourfrequentcontactpossible.
Sowecanreachtheconclusionthattheworldwillgetsmallerandsmallerwiththedevelopmentofoursociety.
3.标题作文
标题作文是一种只给考生提供一个题目,没有其他任何提示,信息和限制的作文形式.起最为突出的优点是考生有更多的自主性和灵活度,可自由地发挥自己的想象力和创造力,并自由地选用写作手法.其不利之处在于对同一题目可从多种角度写,写作难度增加,一些考生想这想那,举棋不定,或是东说一句,西说一句,使写出的文章显得松散无序,不够完整紧凑.
但标题作文无论从哪个角度出发,从哪一方面着手写,只要内容切题,说理有据,表达清楚,语言得体,完整连贯,都是好文章.
标题作文写作步骤
1).慎重审题,确定主题,写作范围及论述角度.注意选择其中一个自己较为熟悉,可用材料较多的角度,然后沿着这一思路往下写.切不可中途转向另一角度.
2).开拓思想,构思写作内容,应以所确定的主题为中心.一般来说,主题需要一些材料来证明.可将这些材料分属三个自然段,使他们自成一体又衔接自然.
3).草拟提纲,确定每一段的中心思想.可在大脑中形成一个框架.
4).提炼主题句,并确定关键词.主题句的概括性和统帅性应在段首通过关键词明显的表现出来.
5).扩充主题,运用各种写作手法,结合搜集的材料扩句成段,连段成篇.
6).仔细检查,达到通常,切题.
如:
Abriefintroductiontoatouristattraction
Sample6:
Welcomeeveryone,IamgladthatyoucancometoPingyaoCounty,wherethereistheoldestConfuciustemple.ItwasopenedtothepublicMondayafteraone-yearrenovationproject.
Ihopeyoucanappreciatethespotindeed.
First,Iwillshowthemainbuildingofthetemple,itsthemostinterestingspothere.
Second,wecanwalkaroundtoseetheotherareaofthespot.Finally,Iwilltellthehistoryofthetemple.
Themainbuildingofthetemplewasbuiltin1163,intheYuanDynasty,andhasahistoryofmorethan840years.
ComparedwithotherfamousConfuciustemplesnationwide,itwasbuilt248yearsearlierthanthatinBeijing,and317yearsearlierthanthatinQufuCity,Confucius'shomeineastChina'sShandongProvince.ThetempleinQufuwasaddedtothelistoftheWorldCulturalHeritagesin1995.ThePingyaoConfuciusTemplehasChina'slargeststatuecollectionofConfuciusandfamousancientConfucianscholars.Coveringatotalareaof40,000squaremeters,thetemplehas112buildingsin16categories.thatisthehistoryofthetemple.
Pleasevisitasyoulike.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,youcanaskme.That'sall.
4. 书信
例题:
Directions:
Inthissectionyouarerequiredtowritealetterinreplytoafriend'sinquiryaboutapplyingforadmissiontoyourcollegeoruniversity.Youshouldwriteatlea
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