英语四级考试模拟试题及答案2.docx
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英语四级考试模拟试题及答案2.docx
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英语四级考试模拟试题及答案2
2010年12月英语四级考试模拟试题及答案
(2)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:
StylesofLiving.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.有些人愿意和父母居住在一起2.有些人想自己独立居住3.我的看法StylesofLivingPartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.HowIceCreamWorksTheU.S.icecreamindustrysellsaboutamilliongallonsoficecreameachyear,dispensingcones,gallons,pints,sundaesandotherdessertsthroughgrocerystoresandicecr
eamshops.Infact,eightpercentofallthemilkproducedintheU.S.endsupinafrozendairyproduct.IceCreamorFrozenDessert?
Notjustanyfrozentreatcanbecalledicecream.Infact,theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturehasspecificrulesthatdefinewhatcanandcan'tbelabeled"icecream".Tobearthe"MeetsUSDAIngredientStandardforIceCream"stamp,ithastocontainatleast10percentmilkfat,andaminimumofsixpercentnon-fatmilksolids.Agallonhastoweighatleast4.5pounds.Therangeofmilkfat(sometimesreferredtoasbutterfat)usedinicecreamcangofromtheminimum10percenttoamaximumofabout16percent.Mostpremiumicecreamsuse14percentmilkfat.Higherfatcontentleadstobetter,richertasteandacreamiertexture.Icecreammakersdon'tgohigherthan16percentbecauseitwouldbecostlyandveryhighincalories.Anicecreamwiththismuchmilkfatwouldalsotastesorichthatpeoplewouldprobablyeatitinsmalleramounts,whichwouldbebadnewsforpeoplewhosellicecreamforaliving.Otherfrozendesserts,suchassorbets(果汁冰糕),low-faticecream,andfrozenyogurt,arenottechnicallyicecreamatall.Frozencustardisicecreamthathasatleast1.4percenteggyolksolids,and"softserve"canbeanyfrozenmilkbaseddessertthathasnotgonethroughthehardeningprocess—moreonthatlater.Intermsofspecificingredients,therecipeforicecreamissimple.Butinscientificterms,it'scomplicatedstuff.Icecreamisacolloid,atypeofemulsion(乳状液).Anemulsionisacombinationoftwosubstancesthatdon'tnormallymixtogether.Instead,oneoft
hesubstancesisdispersedthroughouttheother.Inicecream,moleculesoffataresuspendedinawater-sugar-icestructurealongwithairbubbles.Thepresenceofairmeansthaticecreamisalsotechnicallyafoam.Inadditiontomilkfat,non-fatmilksolids,sugar,andair,icecreamalsocontainsstabilizersandemulsifiers.Stabilizershelpholdtheairbubblestructuretogetherandgivetheicecreamabettertexture.Althoughgelatin(凝胶)wasoriginallyusedasastabilizer,xanthangum,guargum,andothercompoundsareusedtoday.Emulsifierskeeptheicecreamsmoothandaidthedistributionofthefatmoleculesthroughoutthecolloid.Eggyolkswereonceused,buticecreammanufacturersnowtendtouseotherchemicalcompounds.Thesestabilizersandemulsifiersmakeupaverysmallproportion(lessthanonepercent)oftheicecream.MakingIceCreamWhetherit'sbeingmadeinyourkitchenwithahandcrank,atalocalhomemadeicecreamshopwithastand-aloneicecreammaker,orinafactorythatcranksoutthousandsofgallonsoficecreameveryday,theprocessofmakingicecreamisbasicallythesame.Theonlydifferenceisthescaleoftheoperation.First,youneedicecreammix.Youcanbuycommerciallymadeicecreammixthatissettoacertainmilkfatcontent.Icecreamfactoriesusuallymaketheirownmixbycombiningmilk,creamandsugarina3,000gallonvat,withtheproportionsandmixingcontrolledbycomputers.Themixisthenpasteurized(用巴氏法灭菌),orheated,tokillanyharmfulbacteria.Ifyouweretomakeyourownmixathome,youcouldpasteurizeitbycookingitinadoubleboiler,oruseaneggsubstituteorpasteurizedeggproduct.Thisstepisimportantbecauseotherwisepeoplewhoeatyourhomemadeicecreamcouldgetsi
ckduetosalmonellacontamination.AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControl,thosemostatriskincludetheelderly,veryyoungchildren,andpeoplewithcompromisedimmunesystems.Thenextstepinproductionisaddingflavortothemix.Therearethousandsofvarietiesoficecream,sojustaboutanycombinationofflavorsispossible.Fromvanillatocinnamon,chocolatetotriplechocolatefudgebrownie,itallgetsblendedintotheicecreammix.Inafactory,thissteptakesplaceinvatsthatholdhundredsofgallonsoficecream,whilegiantsteelpaddlesdothemixing.Inyourkitchen,alargebowlandafoodmixerwillwork,orevenawoodenspoonandmusclepowerifyouwantsomeexercise.Solidchunkssuchaspiecesoffruit,chocolatechunks,marshmallows,andcandyareaddedlater.Thenextstepiswhereandicecreammakingmachinecomesintoplay.Themixhastobesimultaneouslyfrozenandwhipped.Inafactory,thishappensinagianttubesurroundedbypipes.Thepipescontainchemicalssuchasammoniathatfreezethetube,buttheammonianevercomesintocontactwiththeicecream.Theicecreammixispumpedthroughthetube,whereitgetscoldveryquickly.Adasher,orblade,turnsinsidethetube.Thiswhipsthemixture,introducingtheairbubblesthathelpgiveicecreamitsstructure.Thedasheralsoscrapesthesidesofthetube,clearingofficecrystalsthatformthere.Thispreventslargeicecrystalsfromruiningtheflavorandtextureoftheicecream.Alltheelementsofthisprocessarecarefullymonitoredandcontrolledbycomputers.Mosthomemadeicecreamshopsuseabatchfreezerforthisstep,wherethesameprocesshappensonasmallerscale.
Thisstepcanbeaccomplishedathomewitharocksalt/icemixtureforfreezingandahandorelectriccrankeddashertomixandscrapeofftheicecrystals.Oncetheicecreamhascomeoutoftheicecreammaker,theprocessisn'tfinished.Atthispoint,themixtureisfrozen,butstillsoft.Largechunksofcandyandothergoodiesarenowadded.Thentheicecreamisplacedintocontainers.Factorymachinespouritstraightintocartonsorbuckets,oritcanbeextruded(挤压出)intoshapesthathavewoodensticksplacedintothemforindividualtreats.Nowtheicecreamneedstobereducedtoaverylowtemperature,zerodegreesFahrenheitorbelow.Factoriesmakeitevencoldersincetheyneedtheicecreamtostayfrozenwhileitispackagedandloadedontotrucks.Itneedstobeverycoldtofreezetheicecreamquicklyandpreventtheformationoflargeicecrystals.Thisprocessisknownashardening."Soft-serve"isoftensimplyicecreamthathasnotgonethroughthisprocess.We'lllearnabouttheicecreamindustryinthenextsection.IceCreamIndustryIn1999,retailsalesoficecreamintheU.S.,theworldwideleaderinicecreamproduction,topped$4billion.In2002,morethat$20billionwasspentonfrozendesserts.TheleadingstatesinicecreamconsumptionareCalifornia,Indiana,Pennsylvania,TexasandNewYork.Americansateanaverageof21.5quartsoficecreamperpersonin2004.Withthatmuchmoneytobemade,theicecreamindustrycanbesecretiveandunderhanded(秘密的).DeborahHanny,ownerofSweetJenny'sIcecreaminWilliamsville,NY,protectsherrecipescarefully.Hershophasbeenphotographedbymeninsuitsandsheoncecaughtsomeoneinheupstairsofficehurriedlytryingtocopydownherrecipes.
Icecreammakingsecretsareseldompasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationthesedays.Sowheredopeopleintheicecreamindustrylearntheircraft?
Aticecreamschool.PennsylvaniaStateUniversityoffersaweek-long"IceCreamShortCourse"intendedforindustryprofessionals.Thecourseteachesthescienceandtechnologyusedtomakeicecream.ThealsoofferIceCream101foricecreamhobbyistswhojustwanttolearnmoreabouttheirfavoritefrozentreat.TheUniversityofGuelph,Ontario'sDairyScienceandTechnologyschool,alsohasalonghistoryofteachingicecreamscience.1.EightpercentofallthemilkproducedintheU.S.endsupinafrozendairyproduct.2.Anyfrozentreatcanbecalledicecream.3.Inadditiontomilkfat,non-fatmilksolids,sugar,andair,icecreamalsocontainsstabilizersandemulsifiers.4.Theprocessofmakingicecreamathomeisdifferentfromthatinafactory.5.Oncetheicecreamhascomeoutoftheicecreammaker,theprocessisfinished.6.Icecreammakingsecretsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationthesedays.7.ManyuniversitiesinU.S.A.offercoursesoficecreamscience.8.Therangeofmilkfatusedinicecreamcango________.9.In1999,retailsalesoficecreamintheU.S.topped________.10.Withthatmuchmoneytobemade,theicecreamindustrycanbe________.
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.11.[A]Theclassthoughtthedemonstrationwastoocomplex.[B]Toomanystudentssho
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