AMBestairambulance.docx
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AMBestairambulance.docx
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AMBestairambulance
AirAmbulanceServices
AirChartersAirTransportationAmbulancesMedevacsMedicalPlanesandHelicoptersLocalPassengerTransportatiom,NECAirTransportation,NonscheduledAirports,FlyingFields,andAirportTerminalServicesAirport-LesseesofPortionsofAirportsEngagedin...AmbulanceService,FirstAidorRescueSquads-...AirTrafficControlOtherAirportOperationsOtherSupportActivitiesforAirTransportationAmbulanceService
a2180
Original:
1/99
Line
Best'sHazardIndex
UnderwritingComments
AUTOMOBILELIABILITY
8
High-speeddriving.
AUTOMOBILEPHYSICALDAMAGE
5
AIRCRAFTLIABILITY
9
Severedamagesandinjuriesarepossible.
AIRCRAFTPHYSICALDAMAGE
8
Highcostofreplacingorrepairingspecializedsystems.
GENERALLIABILITY
2
PRODUCTLIABILITYANDCOMPLETEDOPERATIONS
--
PROFESSIONALLIABILITY
9
Malpracticesuitsarecommon.
ENVIRONMENTALIMPAIRMENTLIABILITY
--
WORKERS'COMPENSATION
7
Largenumberofwork-relatedhazards.
CRIME
4
FIREANDE.C.
4
BUSINESSINTERRUPTION
4
INLANDMARINE
4
BOILERANDMACHINERY
--
Low1-3,Medium4-6,High7-9,VeryHigh10
SICCode
SICClassifications
4119
LocalPassengerTransportatiom,NEC
4522
AirTransportation,Nonscheduled
4581
Airports,FlyingFields,andAirportTerminalServices
NAICSCode
NAICSClassifications
488111
AirTrafficControl
488119
OtherAirportOperations
48819
OtherSupportActivitiesforAirTransportation
62191
AmbulanceService
ISOCode
ISOClassification
40026
Airport-LesseesofPortionsofAirportsEngagedinServicingorRepairingofAircraft,orPilotInstructions
40031
AmbulanceService,FirstAidorRescueSquads-OtherThanNon-Profit
SpecialExposures
Specializedvehiclesandaircraft
Gasolineandcompressedoxygenonpremises
Aircraftandgroundvehiclesrepairandmaintenancefacilities
Settlementofservicechargeswithinsuranceproviders
24-houroperations
RelatedClassifications
AccountingFirms
AirCharterServices
AmbulanceServicesandRescueSquads
HangarOperations
HealthMaintenanceOrganizations
RISKDESCRIPTION
a218r.
Thegoalofairambulanceservicesistoprovidequick,safe,andefficienttransportationandcompetentin-flightmedicalcaretopatientswholiveorworkinareaswithlimitedgroundaccess(e.g.,offshoredrillingrigsandproductionplatforms),oraremorethan150milesawayfromthenearestmedicalfacility(e.g.,interstatehighwayconstruction,heavyindustry,andfarminglocations).Airambulancesmayrespondtoaccidentscenesormakepre-arrangedpickupsofpatientsatdesignatedairports.IndividualspickedupattheairportaretypicallytransportedfromtheirhomeorhospitalbyagroundambulancevehicleownedbytheairambulancecompanyorbyanindependentEmergencyMedicalService(EMS)company.
Thereareanumberofgeneralcriteriathatmustbemetbeforeanairambulancerequestismade.First,itmustbedeterminedwhethertheamountoftimeneededtotransportthepatientbygroundtoanappropriatefacilityposesathreattothepatient'ssurvivalandrecovery.Adecisionmustalsobemadeonwhetherroadconditions,weather,orotherfactorsaffectingtheuseofgroundtransportwouldseriouslydelaythepatient'saccesstoAdvancedLifeSupport(ALS)care,whichinvolvescardiacandrespiratorysupport.Finally,itmustbeestablishedwhethertheavailableambulanceservicehasthecriticalskillsandequipmentneededtocareforthepatientduringtransport.
Liketheirland-basedcounterparts,airambulanceshavetheirrootsinthemilitary.Thefirstdocumentedcaseofaeromedicaltransportationwasrecordedin1870,attheendoftheFranco-PrussianWar.DuringthesiegeofParis,theinvadingPrussiantroopsusedhotairballoonstotransportwoundedsoldiers.Whenthefirstairplanesappearedattheturnofthe20thcentury,anattemptwasmadetoimplementthemasemergencymedicaltransportsintheUnitedStates.Thisideawasdiscardedin1910,afterthefirstknownambulanceaircraftflewonly400yardsinFloridaandcrashed.Theconceptwasresurrectedagaininthe1950s,whentheU.S.ArmyusedhelicoptersformedicalevacuationsduringtheKoreanWar.In1972,privateenterpriseenteredthebusinessofairmedicalservicewhentheDepartmentofTransportationandtheDepartmentofDefensejointlyformedacivilianhelicopterevacuationservice.Advancesinjetenginetechnologyallowedtheproductionofmorepowerfulandefficientsmallplanesthathadamuchgreaterflightrange.Asaresult,privateairambulancecompanieswereabletobuylessexpensive,smalleraircraft;increasethesizeoftheirfleet;andoffernewservices.ThenumberofairambulancecompaniesintheUnitedStatesincreasedfrom6in1975to270in1997.Airambulancesemployover45,000people,andutilizecloseto2,000rotorandfixed-wingaircraftintheirservices.
Modernairambulancesprovideanextensivearrayofservices,fromflightcoordinationtoorgantransports.Manycompaniesofferbedside-to-bedsideservice,withthecompany'smedicalteamusingitsownvehiclestotakeapatientfromtheirhomeorhospitaltotheairportandfinallytothereceivinghospital.Somealsooffercommercialstretcherflightservices.Arrangementsaremadewithacommercialairline,permittingtheboardingofpatientsonstretchers,thussavingpatientsthehighcostofcharteringaprivateplane.Ifastretcherisnotnecessary,anairambulancecompanymayprovideairlineescortservices,withcertifiedemergencymedicaltechnicians(EMTs)and/orflightnursesaccompanyingpatientsonregularcommercialflights.Manyairambulanceswillalsoofferinternationalrepatriationservicesforthosewhobecomeillwhileabroadandinsistonreceivingmedicaltreatmentintheirnativecountry.Theseservicescommunicatewithdischargingmedicalfacilities,foreignembassies(regardingvisarequirements),andlocalcustomssothatpatientsmaycrossinternationalborderswithminimaldifficulty.
Asmallairambulanceteamwillconsistof5to10members,includingapilotingcrewandtheirbackup,flightcoordinators,flightnurses,EMTs,paramedics,anddoctors.Alargecompanymayhaveasmanyas8aircraft,includingplanesandhelicopters,andemploy45to55people,whichmayincludeaircraftandvehiclemechanics.InadditiontothebasicemergencymedicaltrainingrequiredtobecomeacertifiedEMSspecialist,employeesofairambulanceservicesmustgothroughadditionalcertificationcoursestoobtainthelevelofexpertisenecessarytolegallyoffermedicalcareonboardanaircraft.AllairambulancemedicalteammembersarerequiredtobecertifiedineitherBasicorAdvancedCardiacLifeSupport(BCLSorACLS)andhavecompletedspecializedtraininginaeromedicineandflightphysiology.Theyarealsotypicallyrequiredtohaveaminimumofthreeyearsofcriticalcare,emergency,orpre-hospitalexperience,althoughrequirementsforindividualcompaniesdifferinthisregard.RegisterednursesareusuallycertifiedineitherEmergency(CEN),CriticalCare(CCRN),FlightNursing(CFRN),orpre-hospitalcareasaNationallyRegisteredEmergencyMedicalTechnicianandParamedic(NREMT-P).RespiratorytherapistsmustbelicensedasbothRespiratoryCarePractitioners(RCPs)andCertified/RegisteredRespiratoryTherapists(CRRTs).AirambulanceparamedicsaretypicallycertifiedinPediatricAdvanceLifeSupport(PALS)andBasicTraumaLifeSupport(BTLS).AtleastonecrewmemberisalsorequiredtobecertifiedinAdvancedBurnLifeSupport(ABLS).Withthosecompaniesthatofferinternationalrepatriationservices,someteammembersshouldalsobemultilingual.Manyairambulanceswillconductcertificationcoursesontheirownpremises,incoordinationwithassociationsgoverningtheindustry.
Thelayoutofanairambulancecompany'spremiseswilldependmainlyonthescopeofservicesthatareprovided.Smallercompanieswithoneortwoaircraftwillmostlikelyrentahangarforstorage,maintenance,andrepairoftheirfleet.Flightcoordinationandaccountingemployeesmayworkoutofatypicalofficestructurethatiseitherfreestandingorinconjunctionwithotherbusinesses.Thosepremiseswillgenerallyconsistofoffices,aconferenceroom,recordroom,restrooms,andsometimesanemployeeloungeandacafeteria.Largercompanieswillownhangarsthatwillgenerallyconsistofshopspace(whererepairsandmaintenanceareperformed),offices,storerooms,andrestrooms.Inhangars,foodanddrinkvendingmachinesaremorecommonlyusedinsteadofacafeteria.Adjacenttothehangers,theremaybealivingfacilityfortheon-duty,in-flightmedicalcrewandpilots.Suchafacilitywilltypicallycontainalivingroom,diningarea,kitchen,bunkroom,andrestrooms.Airambulancesthatoperategroundvehiclesforbedside-to-bedsideservicesmayalsohavegaragesorparkinglotswheretheycanstoreandmaintaintheirfleet,alongwithlivingandoperatingquartersforland-basedEMScrews.Thisfacility'slayoutwillbesimilartotheonethein-flightmedicalcrewandpilotsuse,althoughitmayalsoincludeagarageareawherethespecializedgroundambulancesarestored.Todate,noregisteredairambulanceservicesoperateoutoftheirownairport.Mostwillworkwithinthelandingschedulesestablishedbyacommercialairport,althoughinanemergencysituation,theymaybegivenpriorityontakeoffs.Somecompaniesmayalsoleaseanentirelandingstripfromlargeairports.
Allairambulancecompaniesareprivate,for-profitenterprises,ownedeitherbyanindividualorapartnership.TheyaretightlyregulatedbytheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA,whichmay
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