4 A Jazz Tradition.docx
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4 A Jazz Tradition.docx
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4AJazzTradition
AJazzTradition
BackgroundInformation
Slavery
Awidespreadinstitutioninancienttimes,slaveryhaddiedoutinEnglandbythe12thcentury.ThetransportationofslavesfromAfricatotheAmericasbyEuropeantradersbeganonalargescaleinthe16thand17thcentury,andalthoughslaverybecameillegalinBritainin1772,itremainedanimportant,featureoftheeconomyoftheEmpireuntilthe19thcentury,theslavetradebeingabolishedin1807andslaveryitselfthroughouttheEmpirein1833.InAmericanSouthslaverywasanessentialpartofthecotton-basedeconomy,andtheabolitioncampaignwagedduringthefirsthalfofthe19thcenturyeventuallyledtotheAmericancivilWarandtofinalemancipation.Insomepartsoftheworldchattelslavery,theownershipofonepersonbyanother,continuestoexist.
AmericanCivilWar
ThewarbetweenthenorthernUSStates(usuallyknownastheUnion)andtheConfederateStatesoftheSouth,1861-1865.ThesouthernStates,havingsecededfromtheFederalUnionovertheissuesofslaveryandStates'rights,maintainedamilitaryresistancetothesuperiorindustrialstrengthofthenorthforfouryears.Althoughitsarmieswonsomeimpressivevictoriesinthefirsttwoyearsofthewar,theConfederacyfailedtogainforeignrecognition,andwasgraduallyoverwhelmedbysuperiormilitarymightandnavalblockade.BythetimethemainConfederatearmysurrenderedinApril1865,mostoftheSouth,includingitscapitalRichmond,hadalreadyfallentoUnionsoldiers.
DizzyGillespie
Americanjazztrumpet-player,aleadingexponentofthe"bop"style.AfterworkingwithvariousothergroupsheformedhisowninNewYorkin1944.
CharlieParker(1920-1955)
Americanjazzsaxophonist.InNewYorkheplayedwithsomeofthegreatestnameofjazz,includingTheloniusMonkandDizzyGillespieandbecameoneofthefiguresofthe"be-bop"movement,makingsomeclassicrecordingwithMilesDavisin1945.
BennyGoodman(1909-1986)
Americanclarinetistandjazzmusician,whoformedhisownbandin1933.Hewasknownasthe"KingofSwing"andhisstylestartedanewerainthehistoryofjazz.Hisskillasaclarinetistwasnotconfinedtojazz:
Bartok,Hindemith,andCoplandall,composedsoloworksforhim,andhealsogavedistinguishedperformancesofclassicalworks.
DukeEllington(1899-1974)
Americancomposer,pianist,andband-leader,themostdistinctiveandinfluentialfigureinthehistoryofjazz.Hisbandestablisheditsfameintheearly1930s,andsomeofitsmembersremainedwithhimforover30years.Ellingtonwroteover900compositions;hisfirstworld-widesuccesswasMondIndigo(1930).
CountBasie(1904-1984)
Americanjazzbandleader.Hetookupthepianoatanearlyage,lookingtofiguressuchas"fats"WallerandWillie,"theLion"Smithforhismodels,andbecamefamousasleaderofhisown"bigband"from1935.
IgorStravinsky(1882-1971)
Russian-borncomposer.In1910hebeganhistravelswithDiaghilev'sballetcompany,composingforittheballetsTheFirebird(1909-1910),Petrushka(1910-1911),andofcourse,TheRiteofSpring(1911-.1913),whichshockedPariswithitsangularrhythmsandliberaluseofdissonance.Hewaspreventedfromreturningtohisnativelandbythe1917revolution,butmanyworksofthisperiodhavetheirrootsinRussianfolk-song,notablyanotherballetLesNoces(1914-1923).HewasfascinatedalsobytheidiomsofWesternmusicandderivedinspirationforhisownneo-classicalworksfromthebaroqueandclassicalperiods.StravinskyhadmovedfromParistoLosAnglesontheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar,andinthe1950sturnedtoserialisminsuch
worksasthecantatasCanticumsacrum(1955)andThreni(1957-1958).Inhisfinalyearshewroteshortbareworks,manyofthemreligiousinfeelingandform.Theoverridingfeatureofhismusicisrhythm,andthesenseofthetheatreandofthedanceisneverwhollyabsentevenfromhismostaustereworks.
MauriceRavel(1875-1937)
Frenchcomposer.Thebest-knownofDebussy'scontemporaries,hewasequallyinfluencedbytheOrientalmusicbroughttoParisin1889WorldExhibitionandbyimpressionism,butcombinedhisloveofaptdescriptivesonoritieswithacoolclassicismandarecognitionofLiszt'slegacyofbrillianceandvigour.Hisworksspanallgenres:
opera,ballet,orchestralmusic,andsong.Amonghislaterworkswerethetwogreatpianoconcertos(both1931);thefirstisforlefthandonly,composedforPaulWittgensteinwholosthisrightarminthefirstWorldWar.
AaronCopland
Americancomposer,pianist,andconductor.ThesonofimmigrantJewishparentsfromLithuania,hewasconcernedtoestablishadistinctive"American"styleinmusic,borrowingfromjazzinhisPianoConcerto(1926)andMusicfortheTheater(1925),fromShakermusicintheevocativeandpopularAppalachianSpring(1944),andfromotherfolkandtraditionalsongsintheballetscoresBillytheKid(1938)andRodeo(1942).Hefurtheredthecauseofhiscountry'smusicinhisworkasaconductorandinhisestablishmentoftheAmericanComposers'Alliance(1937).
Introduction
Theopeningsentenceintroducesthethemeoftheessaytothereader.InthisessayParkergivesthereaderadetaileddescriptionofthejazztradition:
Thewriter'sdescriptionisorganizedanddevelopedinchronologicalorder.Parkerbeginswithareviewofpasthistoryofjazztopointupthechangesthathaveoccurredandthereasonsforthosechanges.Thedescriptionisrealisticandthetraditionofjazzisviewedfromanobjectivepointofview.Thewriterexplainstheoriginofjazz.JazzbeganwiththeNegroslavefromthewesterncoastofAfricaandwasdevelopedinthesouthernUSAearlyinthe20thcentury.ItblendswesternAfricarhythmswithelementsfromspirituals,work-songs,bluesandbrassbands.Bycitingexamples,suchasAbolitionofslaveryandtheGreatDepressioninUSA,Parkerpointsoutthattheevolutionofjazziscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofthesocieties.
Inmanyplacesofthearticle,hementionsthecharacteristicfeaturesofjazz,suchasitsimprovisation,syncopationandstrongrhythm.Jazzisaspontaneousmusicexpressing,man'snaturalthinkingandemotions.Healsodiscussestheproblemjazzisfacedwith.Somepeoplestatethatjazzmustbecomeacomposedmusic.Parkerlistsseveralreasonstorefutesuchclaims.Byquotingthededicatedjazzman'sstatement,Parkerexpresseshisopinionsonjazz.Hethinksthatjazzcannotbetrulywrittendown.Asasymboloffreedomandcreativity,itshouldmaintainitsspontaneousnature-brevity.,.
LanguagePoints
1.compelling
(1)attractingattention,one'sinterest,etc
Examples:
acompellingnovel/account/stare;
Heremainsacompellingfigureinpolitics.
(2)forcingordemanding(areasonandaction,.etc),
Examples:
acompellingargument;compellingadvice
Haveyouanycompellingreasonforleavingnow?
.
2.glaring
(1)(fig)(ofamistake,sthwrongthathasbeendone,etc)veryeasytobeseen;veryobvious
Examples:
Therewereseveralglaringmistakesinheranswers.
Aglaringinjustice,hasbeendone.tothosetoopoortohelpthemselves.
(2)(of,thesun,light,etc)shiningveryhardandbrightly
Example:
Whenhecameintotheglaringlighthehadtoshadehiseyes.
(3)(ofcolors)fartoobrightandunpleasant
Example:
Thewallswerepaintedinglaringcolors.
3.volatile
(1)changingveryeasily,andoften
Example:
avolatilepoliticalsituation;volatilestockmarkets;volatileexchangerates
(2)(ofaliquid)changingrapidlyintovapor
Example:
Thebetterthepetrol,themorevolatileitis.
(3)(oftenderog)(ofaperson)changingquicklyfromonemoodorinteresttoanother;fickle
Example:
ahighlyvolatilepersonality,disposition,nature,etc
4.Historically,itssoundsandmoodsparallelthestruggleandgrowthofapeople.
Viewedinhistoricalperspective,thesoundsandmoodsofjazzmusicreflectthestruggleandgrowthoftheblackpeople.
5.wail,cry,weep,sob
Thesewordsalldescribetheinarticulatesounds,andsheddingoftearsindicativeofgrief,pain,or.otherstrongemotions.
Wailimpliestheutteringofloud,prolongedmournfulcriesinunsuppressedlamentation.
Examples:
Thewomenofthetownwailedoverthewarvictims.
Shewaswailingforherlosthusband.
Cryisthecommontermandgivesprimaryemphasistothesounds.Itdoesnotalwaysindicatedepthoffeeling.
Examples:
Shecriedloudlyindespair.
Thebabycriedloudlywhenhehademptiedhisbottle.
Weep,however,ismoreoftenusedinwritingthaninspeech,andgivesgreateremphasistothesheddingoftearsthantotheaccompanyingsounds.
Examples:
Sheweptcopiouslyoverthedeathofherdog.
Hispoormotherwepthereyesblind.
Sob,morethan"weep"or"cry",impliespatheticcircumstances.Tosobistoweepaloudwithacatchinthevoiceandshortgaspingbreaths.
Examples:
Hewassobbinganddidn'tsayaword.
Hesawhismothersobbingoverthebodyoverhisyoungerbrotherwhohaddiedofhunger.
6.virile,manly,mannish
manly:
(ofaman)havingthequalitiesorappearanceexpectedofaman
Example:
I'vealwaysthoughthelookedverymanlyinhisuniform.
virile:
havingorshowingtypicallymasculine-strengthorenergy.
Examples:
virilepursuitssuchasrowingandmountaineering
avirileperformanceofOthello
Manlyandvirile,incomparison,mightsuggestacontrastbetweenappearanceandperformance.
Example:
husbandswhoappearmanlyenoughbutarenotreallyveryvirile
Justasvirileispositiveandappliesexclusivelyto:
man,somannishappliesinanexclusiveandnegativewaytowoman;(ofawoman)looking;somethingorbehavinglikeaman.
Examples:
her
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