文学类翻译英语论文.docx
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文学类翻译英语论文.docx
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文学类翻译英语论文
2014届本科英语双学位毕业论文
浅析英语交际中的性别差异
姓名:
郭利娟
系别:
美术学院
专业:
雕塑
学号:
101211014
指导教师:
孟献策
2014年4月
GenderDifferencesinEnglishmunication
by
GuoLijuan
ShangqiuNormalUniversity
Apr2014
摘要
自古以来,男女性别差异无论是在身份﹑语言还是工作﹑地位以及其他一些方面,国外都是有所体现的,并受到一些先进人士的关注。
本文从社会语言学的角度出发,在变异理论基础上从性别差异方面点出了男女在日常交际中的不同方式,分析了男性与女性在语言方面的差异,并对原因及其在日常文化交际方面所起到的影响作了简单的分析。
本文旨在描写男女在交际中的不同,着重从词汇﹑句型﹑以及容等方面所存在的差异进行表述,并在后面对其原因进行了分析和总结。
另外,作者在文末指出人们在生活中应该关注男女语言的差异,以便取得成功的交流,更好的提高人们的实际交流能力。
关键词:
语言;性别差异;跨文化交际
Abstract
Genderdifferencesiswithusfromancienttimestonow,homeandabroad,nomatteronidentity,language,status,jobs,orothers.Withtherisingoffeministmovementinwesternsocietyinthe1960s,therelationshipbetweenlanguageandgendergraduallycausedpeople’sattention.Thestudyofgenderdifferenceshasbeenafavoritesubjectofsociolinguistics.Genderdifferencesisalsoembodiedinlanguage,languageandgenderhasbeeanimportantbranchinsociolinguistics.Theaimofthispaperistodescribethegender-relateddifferencesindailyEnglishmunication,suchasthedifferencesinvocabulary,syntax,contentandanalyzetheirreasons.Fromthispaperpeopleknowmoreaboutthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalespeechandthispaperhopestohelppeoplehaveanoverallunderstandingofgenderdifferences.
Keywords:
language;genderdifferences;cross-culturalmunication
Contents
1Introduction
GenderdifferencesinEnglishmunicationisgenderdifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleusingthesamelanguagewhenthecharacteristicsshownbythedifferences.Genderdifferencesisanewtopicintheintersectionofsociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics,especiallyinthestudyofsociolinguistics,therelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderwhichhaslongbeenofthestudyandresearchoftraditionallinguists.
Sincetheearly20thcentury,manylinguistshavefocusedongenderdifferencesinpronunciation,intonation,wordschoiceandsoon.Untilinthelate1960’sandearly1970’s,whenintheUnitedStatesfeministmovementaroused,thesubfieldoflinguisticsknownasLanguageandGenderstudiesisthebestthoughtofasaquiteimportantpart.Nowadayslinguistsfocusonthelanguageusetostudythegenderrelateddifferences.
RobinLakoffisoneofthemostknownscholarsunderthewaveofWesternfeministmovementtodealwiththeissueoflanguageandgender.Shethinkslanguagereflectssocietyandculturaldifferences,andwomen’slanguagedependsentirelyonherownintuitionsandcasualobservations,whilemen’slanguageisassertive,adult-like,anddirect.(Lakoff.1975)Lakoffmaywellberegardedasoneoftheforerunnersofrecentresearchintothefieldoflanguageandgenderinwesternsocieties.
1.1municationandGenderCultures
Amunicationcultureisagroupofpeoplewiththeexitingsetofnormsregardinghowtheymunicatewitheachother.Theseculturescanbecategorizedasmasculineorfeminine,eachdifferinginhowtheygetalongwithothersthroughdifferentstylesofmunication.(Tannen,Deborah.1990)Masculineandfeminineculturesdifferdramaticallyinwhen,howandwhytheyusemunication.
Inthestudyofsociolinguistics,genderindicatesthedistinctionsbetweenmaleandfemalefromsocialperspectives,sotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderisbi-directional,too.Peoplealwaysgrowupinaspecificgendergroup,duringtheirdailylife,boysandgirlsaresubconsciouslyinfluencedbythespeechandthecustomoftheirgroup,soaspecialgendergroupcandevelopaspeciallanguage.Inaddition,menarerelatedwithmasculinity,womenareregardedasfeminine.Itisnaturalthatmenandwomenspeakdifferentlywitheachother.DeborahTannen’sstudiesfoundthesegenderdifferencesinmunicationstyles“wheremenmoregenerallyrefertomasculinepeopleandwomencorrespondinglyreferstofemininepeople.”(Tannen,Deborah.1990,13)
1.2Motivations
Thisthesisisparticularlyinterestedinthegender-relateddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalespeeches.Inthestudyofsociolinguistics,itshowswhatdifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalespeechesexistandreasonscausethegenderdifferencesinEnglishmunicationandwhatproblemspeopleshouldtakecareofindailymunication.
Theaimofthisthesisistoshowthedifferencesthatexistbetweenmaleandfemaleindailymunication,thereasonsthatcausethesedifferencesandtogivesomesuggestionstopeoplewhowouldtakesomecross-culturalmunication.
2Gender-relatedDifferencesinEnglishmunication
Itisknownthattheredoexistdifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalespeech.Thesedifferencescanbefoundintheirvocabulary,syntax,contentandotheraspects.
2.1VocabularyDifference
Invocabulary,thedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalemainlyinadjectives,adverbs,colorwords,slangwordsandprofessionalwords.Thefollowingpartwillshowtheseaspects.
2.1.1AdjectivesandAdverbs
Thetermsofthedifferenceinchoiceofwords,womenprefertousetheadjectivesandadverbstoshowadmiration,appreciation,andpraise.Lakoffworkedoutaspeciallistofemptyadjectiveslike“divine”,“charming”,“lovelycute”,“sweet”,“precious”,and“fantastic”,“fabulous”,“adorable”,“gorgeous”,etc,whichareusedtypicallybywomen,butrarelyusedbymen.Whenwomenseebeautifulclothes,theywoulduseadorable;whentheyseedeliciousfood,theywouldusegorgeous;theyalsousedivinetodescribechocolate.However,menprefertouse“great”,“terrific”,“neat”andsomeotherneutralwords.(Lakoff.1975)Someotherresearchersalsoprovethatwomenuseadjectivesmorefrequentlythanthemenofthesameage.
Ontheotherhand,womenuseadverbsmorefrequentlythanmen.Whentheyexpresstheirfeelings,womenarefondofusinghyperbole.Jespersonsuggestedthatthefondnessofwomenforhyperbolewillveryoftenusedleadthefashionwithregardtoadverbsofintensity,andtheseareoftenusedwithdisregardoftheirpropermeaning.(Jesperson,Otto.1922)Take“so”forexample,inthehotmovie-DesperateHousewives,womenoftensay:
(1)Iamsosorry!
(2)Thefoodtherewassodelicious!
(3)Thankyousomuch!
Itisagreatfavoritewithwomenwhilemenusethennotsofrequently.
2.1.2ColorWords
Women,thebeautyofnaturedeterminesthegooduseofplex,precisewordstodescribecolorincontactwiththings,whilemenincontactwiththingsforfarlesscarefulthanwomen.Generallyspeaking,womenpossessstrongerabilityofdistinguishingandsensingcolor.Sotheyusecolorwordsmorefrequentlyinmunication.Lakoffclaimsthatwomenlikeusecolorwordslike“mauve”,“beige”,“aquamarine”,“lavender”and“magenta”,butmostmendonot.Fromclothes,ornament,flowersandotheraspects,manyresearchesgottheresultwomenarefondofcolorwordsmuchmorethanmen,becausewomenwearmorecolorfulclothes,usemoredecoratesandloveflowermore,whilemenoftendressblackandbrown,uselittledecorates,andsoon.
Theauthorfoundwhenacouplesawthesea,thewifesaid“theazureseaissobeautiful!
”whilethehusbandsaid“thebluesealooksnice!
”Thesameseawasexpressedbythesetwopeopleintwoabsolutelydifferentways.Inviewofthis,itisnaturalthatcolorwordshavebeepartofwomen’svocabulary.Onceamandressescolorfulandusesmanyornaments,peoplethinkheisstrangeandabnormal.
2.1.3HedgesandFillers
Hedgesarecautiousnotesexpressedabouthowanutteranceistobetaken.Theitalicizedphrasesinutteranceslike,
(4)Itissortofhotinhere.
(5)Iguessthatmanoverthereisherfather.
(6)Itseemslikeyouareinagoodmood.
Allbelongtohedges.Insingle-gendertalks,womenusemorehedgesthanmendo,theyoftenusesomevaguewords,suchas,“Ithink”,“Youknow”,“Imean”,andsomesoundpause.
Fillersrefertothewordsorphrasesthatareusedtoredeemsilentsituation,suchas:
“er”,“well”,“um”,“youknow”,“letmesee”.Indailymunication,womenusemorefrequentlyfillersthanmen.
2.1.4ColloquialismandProfessionalWords
SayingspokenEnglish,swearingfoullanguageinmostcasesisfromthemouthofmen,suchas“Damnit”,“Damn”or“Shit”.Womenrarelyusedthem;theytendtousesomeweakwordsas“Ohdear”,“GoodHeavens”,and“thankGoodness”.
Inpeople’sdailylife,menandwomenoftentalkaboutdifferenttopics,theycareaboutdifferentthings,andhavedifferenthobbies,andsotheyusedifferentprofessionalwords.Suchas:
womencareabouttheirinner-word,personalmood,livinginterestsmorethanmen,soemotionalwordsoftenappearintheirspeech.Oncontrary,menoftenusewordsinrelationtopolicy,economy,sports,machine,wine,andcarandsoon.
2.2SyntacticStructure
Besidesvocabularydifference,syntacticdifferencealsoisanaspectofshowinggenderdifferences.Womenprefertousetagquestionstoexpressapersonalpointofview,ontheonehand,peoplewanttolistentotheirviews,ontheotherhand,thetoneofuncertaintyweakentheirviewsofpower,easethetoughtoneofrude,butalsoapoliteargument.Meningeneral,rarelyusedanti-tagquestion,whichareoftenusedindeclarativeandimperativesentences.Sothenextpartwillshowthetopicinimperativesentences,declarativesentences,andtag-questions.
2.2.1DeclarativeandImperativeSentence
Indailylife,declarativesentenceisakindofmonsentencestyle,whichisusedbydifferentpeoplewithdifferentaimsandways.Womenareusedtousingmorestatementquestionlike“Dinnerwillbereadyatfiveo’clock?
”(Witharisingintonationattheend),whilemenoftenusemorestatementlike“Itwillbeuseful.”Thiscanalsobeseenwhenwomenconveyapologies,theyalwayssay:
“Iamsorry,excuseme.Ibegyourpardon?
Pardonme?
”Thiskindofintonationis
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