心理学导论transcript18.docx

心理学导论transcript18.docx

《心理学导论transcript18.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《心理学导论transcript18.docx（18页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

心理学导论transcript18

IntroductiontoPsychology:

Lecture18Transcript

April18,2007

<

ProfessorPaulBloom:

Iamextremelypleasedtointroducethefourthandfinalguestlectureofthesemester.ProfessorSusanNolen-Hoeksema.SusanisaprofessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyandtheDirectorofGraduateStudies.Sheiswellknownforherworkinclinicalpsychologyandespeciallyherresearchindepression,thenatureandcausesofpeoplewithdepression,withspecialfocusonsexdifferencesindepression.Shebasicallydoeseverythingsomeonecando.Sheisanotedscientist,winningmanyawardsandpublishingmassiveamountsofworkinscientificjournals.Sheisanaward-winningteacherandhasauthoredwhat,inmymind,istheverybesttextbookinherarea.Andshe'sanotedpopularwriterwhohaswrittenpopularandaccessiblebooksbringingthemessageandideasandtheoriesofclinicalpsychologytothebroaderpublic.TheonlyotherthingI'llmentionbeforewewelcomeheristhatshe'sgoingtoteachnextyearhercourseinclinicalpsychology,whichhasasuperbreputationasanextremelyinterestingcourse.Ifyouareinterestedinwhatyouheartodayandyouwanttolearnmoreaboutit,that'sthecourseyoushouldtake.So,let'spleasewelcomeDr.SusanNolen-Hoeksema.[applause]

ProfessorSusanNolen-Hoeksema:

ThankyouPaul.Caneverybodyhearmeokay?

Okay.So,whatIwanttodotodayistogiveyouaverybriefoverviewofhowmodernclinicalpsychologylooksatmentaldisorders,someofthewayswethinkaboutwhatconstitutesamentaldisorder,someofthecharacteristicsthatkindofcutacrossmentaldisorders,andthenI'mgoingtousethecaseofmooddisorders,thatisdepressionandwhatisnowcalledbipolardisorder,whatyoumayknowmorepopularlyasmanic-depression,assortofexamplesofhowwethinkaboutaparticularsetofdisordersandsomeofthewayswegoaboutresearchingthetheories--differenttheoriesforthedisordersandsomeoftheprominenttreatmentsfordisordersthesedays.Okay?

So,I'mgoingtodobothafairamountoflecturing,andthenI'vegotlotsofvideoclipstoshowyouaswell.So,I'mgoingtoberoamingaroundandchangingvenuesherefairlyoften.

So,thefirstandmostfundamentalquestioninclinicalpsychologyis,"Whatisabnormality?

"Wheredowedrawthelinebetweennormal,healthy,typicalbehaviorandwhatwemightwanttocallabnormal,atypical,deviant,unhealthy,maladaptivementalproblems?

Wetendtohaveanintuitivesenseofwhatwemeanbyabnormality,andwe'dliketobelieve--alotofpeoplewhocomeintomycoursesay,"Well,ofcourse,youknow,youguyshavefigureditout.Youknowwheretodrawtheline.Youhavecriteria.Youhavebloodtests,right?

--thattellmewhetherIhavedepressionorschizophreniaoroneofthethingsI'vereadabout."Well,therealityisthatwedon't.

Firstofall,thereisnobiologicaltestforanyoftheknownmentaldisordersrightnow.Andinsteadwhatwehaveisasetofbehavioralcriteriaforhowtodiagnosedifferentmentaldisorders.AndwhatImeanbybehavioralcriteriaisasetofsymptomsthatthepersonreportstoyouabouthowtheyfeel,howtheythink,andasetofobservationsabouttheirbehaviorandhowtypicaloratypicalitis.Andyoutakethesortofsetofsymptomsthepersonshowsorreports,andyoumatchthemupagainsttheexistingcriteriafordifferentmentaldisorders.Andthenitcomesdowntoafairlysubjectivejudgmentcallaboutwhetherthepersonmeetsthecriteriaornot.Unfortunately,thesejudgmentcalls,becausetheyaresosubjective,canbeinfluencedbyalotoffactors.Andwewon'thaveachancetogointothesetoomuchtoday,butjusttohighlightafewofthem.

Thefirstissocialnorms.Whetheryougetlabeledashavingamentaldisorderoraproblemdependsveryheavilyonwhatyoursocialorculturalnormsare.So,awomanwearingaveilinaMuslimcommunityorculturewouldbeseenastypical,evenprescribed,behavior.Whereasawomanwearingaveilinanon-Muslimculture,especiallyuntilfairlyrecently,wasoftenlookeduponasveryatypicalorabnormalbehavior.

Thesecondkindofthingthatgets--thatinfluenceswhethersomethingiscallednormalorabnormaliscertaincharacteristicsofthetargetperson.Inparticular,I'vehighlightedhere,gender.Whetheryou'reamanoryou'reawomanreallyinfluenceshowunusualacertainbehavioris.So,cryingisagoodexample.Amancryinginourcultureisseenasfairlyunusual,whereasawomancryingisseenasmuchlessunusual.Ontheotherhand,awomanbeatingupsomeoneistakenasquiteunusualbehaviorwhereit'slessunusualforaman.So,wehavegenderstereotypes,genderrolesforwhatisacceptablebehavior,andourjudgmentsastowhethersomethingisnormalorabnormalgetinfluencedbythosegenderroles.

Andthethirdthingthatcaninfluencewhethersomethingislabeledabnormalornotisthecontext.AndhereI'mgivingyoutheexampleof"paranoia."Ifyou'reparanoidandhyper-vigilant,lookingforthreatindowntownBaghdad,that'sconsideredveryadaptivebehaviorthesedaysbecauseitcouldpreventyoufromgettinghurtorkilled.Whereas,ifyou'reinaquietlittlefarminCentralConnecticut,beingextremelyparanoidandbelievingthere'ssomeonewho'sgoingtoshootyouaroundthecornerisnotconsideredasnormalorasacceptableoradaptivebehavior.So,thecontextinwhichyouexhibitaparticularbehavioralsocanheavilyinfluencewhetheritgetslabeledbyothersasnormalorabnormal.

Inthefieldofclinicalpsychologywehaveanumberofdifferentways,kindofheuristicsthatweusetolabelthingsasabnormalorunhealthyortroubling.AndthreeofthesecharacteristicsarewhatweoftencallthethreeDs:

distress,dysfunction,anddeviance.So,behaviorsthatcausetheindividualorotherssignificantdistressoftengetlabeledasabnormalorunhealthy.Depressionisaprimeexample,aswe'llseewhenwetalkaboutthecharacteristicsofit.It'samiserablestateofbeing;you'reunhappy,you'resad,youmayevenfeelsobadlyyouwanttokillyourself.Andthatvery,veryhighlevelofdistressispartofthereasonwhyit'slabeledasamentaldisorder.Othermentaldisordersdon'tcausetheindividualdistress,buttheymaycauseotherpeopledistress.

So,oneexampleofthisissomethingcalled"antisocialpersonalitydisorder,"wheretheindividualhasnoregardfortherightsofotherpeople,hasnohesitationtostealor--stealfromorhurtotherpeople,hasnoempathyorsympathyforotherpeople'sfeelingsandsocaninflictalotofharmonotherpeopleandhasabsolutelynodistressoverthiswhatsoever.Butthisbehaviorcausesotherpeopledistress,andthat'soneofthereasonswhythat'slabeledanabnormalbehaviororamentalhealthproblem.

Thesecondgeneralcriterionis"dysfunction."Ifasetofbehaviorspreventsthepersonfromfunctioningindailylife,thenitmightbelabeledasabnormalormightendupbeinglabeledasamentalhealthproblem.Again,depressionisagoodexample.Peoplewhoaredepressedoftenbecomecompletelynon-functional.Theycan'tgetupandgotoclass;theycan'tgotowork;theycan'tinteractwiththeirfriends;theywithdrawandbecometotallyisolatedsocially.So,theymightlosetheirjob;theymightflunkoutofschool.Andthiscompletedeclineinfunctioningisoneofthemajorreasonsthatweconsiderdepressiononeofthemostdebilitatingdisorders.

Andthenfinally,"deviance,"thebehaviorsorfeelingsarehighlyunusual.Thisisprobablythemostcontroversialofthethreebecauseitweighs,itissoheavilyinfluencedbythesocialnorms.What'sdeviantinonecultureisnotdeviantinanotherculture.Butifasetofbehaviorsiscompletelyunacceptabletoaculture,highlyunusual,they'remorelikelytoendupgettinglabeledasabnormal.

Okay.So,howdowepullthisalltogether?

Well,thesedaysthemanualformakingdiagnosesinclinicalpsychologyandpsychiatryintheUnitedStatesiscalledtheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualortheDSM,andit'sinitsfourthrevision.It'sbeenaroundsincethe,Ibelievethe'50s,andtheearlyeditionsinthe'50sand'60swerehighlysubjectiveandbasedonFreudiantheory.Butsince1980there'sbeenrealefforttomakethecriteriamuchmoreobjective,tomakethesetofbehaviorsorobservationsthatarerequiredtodiagnosesomeonebethingsthatareobservable,thatyoucanseeinotherpeoplethattheycanreportonreliably,andthatoneclinicianandanotherclinicianwillagreeupon.So,theDSMgiveslistsofsymptomswiththerequiredsymptomsforadiagnosis,thenumberofsymptomsthathavetobepresent,andthenotionsofdeviation,dysfunctionanddistressarebuiltintothesecriteria.AndI'mgoingtogiveyouacoupleofexamplesofthesecriteriawhenwetalkaboutthespecifictypesofmooddisorder.

SoasIsaid,I'mgoingtousemooddisordersaskindofacaseexamplehereofhowwegoaboutdiagnosingandunderstandingpsychopathology,butIalsojustwanttoimpartsomeinformationbecausemooddisordersareoneofthemostcommonproblemsthatpeopleface.Asmanyasoneinfourwomenwillhaveanepisodeofseriousdepressionatsometimeinherlife,andabout13%ofmenwillhaveanepisodeofseriousdepressionintheirlives.So,theseareextremelycommonkindsofproblemsthatpeopleexperience,particularlyatyourage.Thecollegeyearsareoneofthepeaktimesofonset,firstonset,ofdepressioninparticular.Andalso,forbipolardisorder,ormanic-depression,thelateadolescent,early20sarethepeakonsettimesforthesedisordersaswell.

So,themooddisordersdivideintowhat'scalledunipolardepressiondisorders,whichisdepressiononly