专业英语复习题整理人王华敏化合物的英文命名Nomenclature.docx
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专业英语复习题整理人王华敏化合物的英文命名Nomenclature.docx
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专业英语复习题整理人王华敏化合物的英文命名Nomenclature
专
业
英
语
复
习
题
整理人:
王华敏
化合物的英文命名
Nomenclatureofcompounds
一无机物的命名
(Inorganiccompounds)
1元素与单质的命名
“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。
因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。
下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。
S-blockElement
IAIIA
HHydrogenBeBeryllium
LiLithiumMgMagnesium
NaSodiumKPotassium
RbRubidiumCaCalcium
CsCesiumSrStrontium
FrFranciumBaBarium
RaRadium
P-blockElement
IIIA IVAVA
BBoron CCarbonNNitrogen
AlAluminiumSiSiliconPPhosphorus
GaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenic
InIndiumSnTinSbAntimony
TlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuth
VIAVIIA0
HeHelium
OOxygenFFluorineNeNeon
SSulfurClChlorineArArgon
SeSeleniumBrBromineKrKrypton
TeTelluriumIIodineXeXenon
PoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadon
CommonTransitionElememt
Fe:
iron
Mn:
manganese
Cu:
copper
Zn:
zinc
Hg:
mercury
Ag:
silver
Au:
gold
2 化合物的命名
化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。
表示原子个数时使用前缀
(1)mono-,
(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra–,(5)penta- (6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去
Namingmetalions(cations)for
metaloxides,basesandsalts
1.Singlevalenceions
Cation’sname=Element
forexample:
Na+SodiumAl3+Aluminum
K+PotassiumCa2+Calcium
2.Multivalenceions
Cation’sname=Element(N)
Forexample:
Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrous
Fe3+Iron(III)orFerric
Cr2+Chromium(II)
Cr3+Chromium(III)
Mn4+Manganese(IV)
Mn2+Manganese(II)
对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。
如FeO:
iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxide
Fe2O3:
iron(III)oxide或ferricoxide
Cu2O:
copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxide
CuO:
copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide
■chromouschromic
■mercurousmercuric
■manganousmanganic
■cobaltouscobaltic
■stannousstannic
■Plumbousplumbic
■Table1symbolsandnamesofcommoncations
■1+cations2+cations2+cations3+and4+cations
■hydrogenH+/magnesiumMg2+/nickel(II)orNi2+/aluminumAl3+
■lithiumLi+/calciumCa2+/nickelous/chromium(III)Cr3+
■sodiumNa+/strontiumSr2+/tin(II)orSn2+/orchromic
■potassiumK+/bariumBa2+/stannous/manganese(III)Mn3+
■ammoniumNH4+/zincZn2+/lead(II)orPb2+/ormanganic
■silverAg+/cadmiumCd2+/plumbous/iron(III)orFe3+
■copper(I)orCu+/copper(II)orCu2+/iron(II)orFe2+/ferric
■cuprous/cupric/ferrous/cobalt(III)orCo3+
■mercury(I)orHg22+/mercury(II)orHg2+/cobalt(II)orCo2+/cobaltic
■mercurous/mercuric/cobaltous//nickel(III)Ni3+
■chromium(II)orCr2+//tin(IV)orSn4+/
■chromous//stannic/
■manganese(II)orMn2+//lead(IV)orPb4+/
■manganous//plumbic/
Namingnonmetalions(anions)
1.Monatomicanions
Anion’sname=Element’sroot-ide
Forexample:
Cl-ChlorideO=Oxide
Br-BromideOH-Hydroxide
I-IodideCN-Cyanide
S=SulfideH-Hydride
2.Polyatomicoxyanions
(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)
Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ate
forexample:
ClO3-ChlorateIO3-Iodate
PO43-PhosphateNO3-Nitrate
SO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate
(2).Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite)
Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-ite
forexample:
ClO2-ChloriteIO2-Iodite
PO33-PhosphiteNO2-Nitrite
SO32-Sulfite
(3).Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)
Anion’sname=
Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-ite
forexample:
ClO-Hypochlorite
IO-Hypoiodite
PO23-Hypophosphite
(4).Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)
Anion’sname=
Per-centralElement’sroot-ate
forexample:
ClO4-Perchlorate
IO4-Periodate
MnO4-Permanganate
■Table2symbolsandnamesofcommonanions
■1-anions1-anions2-anions3-and4-anions
■peroxideO22-/thiocyanateSCN-/oxideO2-/nitrideN3-
■hydrideH-/cyanideCN-/sulfideS2-/phosphideP3-
■fluorideF-/acetateCHCOO-/carbonateCO32-/carbideC4-
■chlorideCl-/nitrateNO3-/sulfateSO42-/PhosphatePO43-
■bromideBr-/nitriteNO2-/sulfiteSO32-/phosphitePO33-
■iodideI-/permanganateMnO4-/thiosulfateS2O32-
■hydroxideOH-/perchlorateClO4-/oxalateC2O42-
■hydrogencarbonateHCO3-/chlorateClO3-/chromateCrO42-
■(bicarbonate)/chloriteClO2-/dichromateCr2O72-
■hydrogensulfateHSO4-/hypochloriteClO-
■(bisulfate)
■hydrogensulfiteHSO3-dihydrogenphosphate
■(bisulfite)
Namingcompounds
1.Metaloxide
Metaloxide=Cation+oxide
forexample:
FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)
Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)
Na2O2Sodiumperoxide
hydrogenperoxide(H2O2)
2.Nonmetaloxide
Nonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxide
forexample:
COCarbonmonoxide
CO2Carbondioxide
SO3Sulfurtrioxide
N2O3Dinitrogentrioxide
P2O5Diphosphoruspentoxide
N2O4Dinitrogentetroxide
(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)
有些物质常用俗称,如NO:
nitricoxideN2O:
nitrousoxide
■Table3Binarycompoundsofnonmetals
■----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
■Carbonnitrogen
■COcarbonmonoxideNOnitrogenmonoxide
■CO2CarbondioxideNO2nitrogendioxide
■CS2CarbondisulfideN2Odinitrogenmonoxide
■CCl4CarbontetrachlorideN2O3dinitrogentrioxide
■N2O5dinitrogenpentoxide
■Sulfurphosphorus
■SO2SulfurdioxidePBr3phosphorustribromide
■SO3Sulfurtrioxide
■SF6SulfurhexafluoridePCl5phosphoruspentachloride
非金属氢化物
除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。
(1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,H在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。
举例:
HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchloride
HBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide
H2ShydrogensulfideH2Sehydrogenselenide
H2Tehydrogentelluride
(2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,H在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine
举例:
PH3:
phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:
arsine或arsane
SbH3:
stibine或stibane (stibium)BiH3:
bismuthane
CH4:
methaneSiH4:
silane
B2H6:
diboranehydrazine(N2H4)
无氧酸
命名规则:
hydro-词根-ic acid
举例:
HCl:
hydrochloricacid
H2S:
hydrosulfuricacid
3.Bases
Base=Metalcation+hydroxide
forexample:
Al(OH)3Aluminumhydroxide
NaOHSodiumhydroxide
Ca(OH)2Calciumhydroxide
Ba(OH)2Bariumhydroxide
Co(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide
4.盐(Salts)
(1).正盐(Normalsalt):
根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。
Normalsalt=Cation+anion
forexample:
HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfate
Hg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfate
KNO3Potassiumnitrate
Na2CO3Sodiumcarbonate
NaClOSodiumhypochlorite
FeSO4iron(II)sulfate
KMnO4potassiumpermanganate
(1).正盐(Normalsalt):
根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。
Normalsalt=Cation+anion
forexample:
HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfate
Hg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfate
KNO3Potassiumnitrate
Na2CO3Sodiumcarbonate
NaClOSodiumhypochlorite
FeSO4iron(II)sulfate
KMnO4potassiumpermanganate
(3).Basicsalts
Basicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anion
forexample:
Cu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonate
Ca(OH)ClCalciumhydroxychloride
Mg(OH)PO4Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate
(4).复盐(Mixedsalts):
同正盐的读法。
Mixedsalt=Cation+cation’+anion
forexample:
NaKSO3Sodiumpotassiumsulfite
CaNH4PO4Calciumammoniumphosphate
AgLiCO3Silverlithiumcarbonate
NaNH4SO4Sodiumammoniumsulfate
KNaCO3:
potassuimsodiumcarbonate
NaNH4HPO4:
sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate
5)水合盐:
结晶水读做water或hydrate
如AlCl3∙6H2O:
aluminumchloride6-water
或aluminumchloridehexahydrate
AlK(SO4)2∙12H2O:
aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water
5.Acids
(1).Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)
Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ic+acid
forexample:
H2CO3Carbonicacid
H2SO4Sulfuricacid
H3PO4Phosphoricacid
HNO3Nitricacid
HClO4Perchloricacid
HClHydrochloricacid
(2).Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)
Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ous+acid
forexample:
H2SO3Sulfurousacid
H3PO3Phosphorousacid
HNO2Nitrousacid
HClOHypochlorousacid
HClO2Chlorousacid
含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子
采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。
高某酸per-ic 正酸–ic 亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous
高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite
其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代
举例:
HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateion
HClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateion
HClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteion
HClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteion
H2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacid
HNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacid
HPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion
络合物的命名(Namingcoordinationcomplex)
命名时先命名阳离子部分,最后命名阴离子部分,阴离子配体以字母顺序列出,中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。
K[BF4]potassiumtetrafluoroborate(III)
K4[Fe(CN)6]potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate
[Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)]NO3
Diamminediaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate
Namingcoordinationcomplex
1.Ligands
(1).Negativeionsasligands
Ligand=Element’sroot-o
forexample:
CN-CyanoNO2-Nitro
F-FluoroNO3-Nitrato
Cl-ChloroCO3=Carbonato
Br-BromoCH3COO-Acetato
O=OxoH-Hydrido
OH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato
(2).Neutralmoleculesasligand
Ligand=Radicalname
forexample:
NH3Ammine
COCarbonyl
H2OAqua
CH3NH2Methylamine
H2NCCNH2Ethylenediamine
2.Complexions
(1).Neutralcomplexorcomplexionswith
positivecharge
Complexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)
forexample:
Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)
Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)
[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)
常见配体的名称
ions
molecules
CN-
cyano
H2O
aqua
OH-
hydroxo
NH3
ammine
CH3COO-
acetato
CO
carbonyl
NO3-
nitrato
CH3NH2
methylamine
NO2-
nitro
F-
fluoro
Cl-
chloro
Br-
bromo
CO32-
carbonato
(2).Complexionswithnegativecharge
Complexion=n-Ligand-metal’sroot-ate(N)
forexample:
[Fe(CN)6]4-Hexafluoroferrate(II)
[BF4]-Tetrafluoroborate(III)
[AlF6]3-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)
[AuCl4]-Tetrachloroaurate(III
3.Na
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