曼哈顿 5 语法笔记.docx
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曼哈顿 5 语法笔记.docx
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曼哈顿5语法笔记
Chapter1:
SentenceCorrectionBasics
FollowthesesevenstepstobebothefficientandeffectiveonSentenceCorrection:
1.Readtheoriginalsentencecarefully,andmakesurethatyouunderstandit.
(i.e.knowtheintendedmeaning)
2.Scanthechoicesverticallyforsplits.
3.Chooseaneasysplittostartwith.
Mostimportantly,youneedtobeabletodecide whichwayisright.
~Doesa grammaticalrule makeonewayrightandtheotherswrong?
~Doesonewaymatchthe intendedmeaning muchbetterthantheothers?
*Infact,anattractivesplitmightjustbearedherring.Thatis,thedifferencedoesn'tmatteratall.
4.Makeyourdecisiononthefirstsplit.
6.Re-splittheremainingchoices,andeliminateuntilyouhaveoneanswerleft.
(5&7...Xusefultome)
Chapter2:
Grammar&Meaning
TheseTWOprinciplesareequallyimportant:
~Grammar:
DoesthesentenceadheretotherulesofStandardWrittenEnglish?
~Meaning:
Doesthesentenceclearlyindicatetheauthor'sintendedmeaning?
*Chooseyourword:
Considerthefollowingpairsof“cousin”wordsandexpressions,togetherwiththeirdistinctmeanings.
aggravate(worsen)vs.aggravating(irritating)
knownas(named)vs.knowntobe(acknowledgedas)
lossof(nolongerinpossessionof)vs.lossin(declineinvalue)
mandate(command)vs.haveamandate(haveauthorityfromvoters)
nativeof(personfrom)vs.nativeto(speciesthatoriginatedin)
rangeof(varietyof)vs.ranging(varying)
rateof(speedorfrequencyof)vs.ratesfor(pricesfor)
rise(generalincrease)vs.raise(abetorasalaryincreaseinAmericanEnglish)
trytodo(seektoaccomplish)vs.trydoing(experimentwith)
Bigchangesinmeaningcanbeaccomplishedwithswitchesoflittlewords.Payattentiontotheprecisemeaningofeverywordineachanswerchoice.CertainHelpingVerbs,suchasmay,will,must,andshould,provideanotherwayfortheGMATtotestmeaning.
*Placeyourword
*MatchYourWords:
Subjectandverbshouldmakesensetogether.
*AvoidRedundancy
Aboutconcision:
ItistruethattheGMATdoesnotliketowastewords.Ifanideaexpressedintenwordscanbeexpressedclearlyandgrammaticallyinsix,theGMATpreferssix.However,thisisapreference,notarule.
*Donotsimplypicktheshortestchoiceandmoveon.Quitefrequently,therightanswerwillbealongerchoicethatisgrammaticallycorrectandthatclearlyreflectstheauthor'sintendedmeaning.
Concisionisadangeroustool.TheGMAToftenmakestherightanswerlessconcisethananattractivewronganswer.Neverconsiderconcisionexceptasalastresort—ifyouaredowntotwochoicesandyoucannotmakeupyourmindanyotherway.
Chapter3:
Subject-VerbAgreement
*SubjectandVerbMustBothExist
*SubjectandVerbMustMakeSenseTogether
*SubjectandVerbMustAgreeinNumber
*EliminatetheMiddlemen,andSkiptheWarmup
*UseStructuretoDecide
!
!
!
!
!
Anouninaprepositionalphrasecannotbethesubjectofthesentence
*Andvs.AdditivePhrases
Mathematics,inadditiontohistoryandscience,ISarequiredsubject.(由此可知mathematics是CN)
*Or,Either…Or,&Neither…Nor
!
!
findthenounnearesttotheverb,andmakesurethattheverbagreesinnumberwiththisnoun.
(Notethatwhenthewordseitherorneitherareinasentencealone(withoutorornor),theyareconsideredsingularandtakeonlysingularverbs.)
*CollectiveNouns:
AlmostAlwaysSingular(crowd,team,andarmy)
*IndefinitePronouns:
UsuallySingular(todosthisxxxx。
。
)
!
!
THESANAMPRONOUNS:
Some,Any,None,All,More/Most:
canbeeithersingularorpluraldependingonthecontextofthesentence.
!
!
!
!
withtheSANAMpronounsthenounobjectoftheOf-phrasecanhelpyoudeterminethenumberofthesubject.
Eg:
Right:
SomeofthemoneyWASstolenfrommywallet.(moneyissingular)
Right:
SomeofthedocumentsWEREstolenfromthebank.(documentsisplural)
Don'tapplytheOf-phrasemechanically.Noneofandanyoffollowedbyapluralnouncanbesingular.
Notethatnotoneisalwayssingular:
NotoneofmyfriendsISherethisweekend.
*EachandEvery:
SingularSensations
*QuantityWordsandPhrases
ThephraseTHEnumberoftakesasingularverb,butAnumberoftakesapluralverb.
(anumberof类似some,many)
!
!
!
Inmanyidiomaticexpressionsthatdesignatequantitiesorparts,suchasanumberof,thesubjectofthesentenceisinanOf-prepositionalphrase.Theseexpressionsprovidetheexceptiontotherulethatthesubjectcannotbeinaprepositionalphrase.WehaveseentheSANAMpronounsasexamplesofthisphenomenon.Otherexamplesincludefractionsandpercents.
*SubjectPhrasesandClauses:
AlwaysSingular
*WheninDoubt,ThinkSingular(placeyourbet。
。
)
SingularSubjects
PluralSubjects
ItDepends
Asingularsubjectlinkedtoothernounsbyanadditivephrase
Subjectsjoinedbyand
Subjectsjoinedbyorornor
Collectivenouns
Mostindefinitepronouns
SANAMpronouns
Subjectsprecededbyeachorevery
Subjectsprecededbythenumberof
Subjectsprecededbyanumberof
Othernumericalwordsandphrases
Subjectphrasesorclauses
Chapter4:
Parallelism(GMAT’SFAVORATETOPIC)
*comparablesentencepartsmustbestructurallyandlogicallysimilar.
parallelmarkers:
:
MAKER
Eg1
EG2
And
XandY
X,Y,andZ
Both/And
BothXandY
Or
XorY
Either/Or
EitherXorY
Not/But;
NotOnly/ButAlso
NotXbutY
NotonlyXbutalsoY
RatherThan
XratherthanY
From/To
FromXtoY
Parallelelements:
*Someverbsorformsderivedfromverbshavemorethanoneword.Youcanoftensplitaparttheseexpressions,sothatthefirstwordorwordscountacrossalloftheelements.
eg.ThedivisionWASopeningoffices,hiringstaff,ANDinvestinginequipment.
*Twoparallelclausesoftenbothstartwithsubordinatorsinordertoremoveambiguity.
eg.
Wrong:
IwanttoretiretoaplaceWHEREIcanrelaxANDIpaylowtaxes.
Right:
IwanttoretiretoaplaceWHEREIcanrelaxANDWHEREIpaylowtaxes.
!
!
!
Withouttherepetitionofthesubordinatorwhere,thefirstsentencecouldbereadIwanttoretire…andIpaylowtaxes.Repeatingthewhereeliminatesambiguity.Thesubordinatorsdonothavetobeidentical.
Listswithand
List
Examples
XandY
ApplesANDpears
X,Y,andZ
Apples,pears,ANDbananas
X,Y,Z,andW
Apples,pears,bananas,ANDpeaches
!
!
!
Norightansweromitsandinalistjustbeforethelastitem.Moreover,theGMATalwaysinsertsacommabeforetheandinlistsof3or4items.
!
!
!
However,ifyoujoin2clauseswithand,youcanputanoptionalcommabeforetheand.Doingsoisespeciallyrecommendedwhentheclausesarelong,independent,orboth.
Aclearhierarchyofthissc
ShearguesTHATtheagencyactsWITHrecklessabandonANDWITHdisregardforhumanlifeANDproperty,ANDTHATitshouldthereforebeshutdown.
IdiomswithBuilt-InParallelStructure
XActsAsY
DistinguishXFromY
XistheSameAsY
AsX,SoY
[ASyoupractice,SOshallyouplay.(=inthesamewayormanner)]
EstimateXToBeY
Xisgood,andSoTooisY
BetweenXAndY
XInsteadOfY
X,SuchAsY(example)
ComparedToX,Y
XisKnownToBeY
ThinkOfXAsY
ConsiderXY
XisLessThanY
XisThoughtToBeY
InContrastToX,Y
MakeXY
ViewXAsY
DeclareXY
MistakeXForY
WhetherXOrY
XDevelopsIntoY
NotOnlyX(,)ButAlsoY(thecommaisoptional)
XDiffersFromY
RegardXAsY
*SuperficialParallelismvs.ActualParallelism
Youalwaysmustfigureoutwhichgrammaticalstructuresarelogicallyparallelbeforemakingthemstructurallyparallel.
!
!
!
Donotassumethatallverbsandverbalformsinasentencemustbeparallel.
*Linkingverbs
ToBe
OtherLinkingVerbs
is/am/are
appear
represent
seem
look
was/were
become
resemble
smell
taste
been/be/being
feel
remain
sound
grow
turn
stay
Right:
ThebouquetofflowersWASagiftoflove.
Right:
ThenominationofthispoliticianREPRESENTSastepforwardinurban-ruralrelationsinthiscountry.
(S&Oshouldmakesense!
)
!
Notethattheverbtobedoesnothavetobepartofalinkingverbphrase.Theverbtobealsoformstheprogressivetensesandthepassivevoice.Donotlookforparallelismintheseusesofbe.
Problemset:
9.WRONG:
Theblizzarddepositedmorethanafootofsnowonthetraintracks,promptedthetransitauthoritytoshutdownservicetemporarily,andcausingdiscontentamongcommuterswhowereleftstrandedforhours.
RIGHT:
Theblizzarddepositedmorethanafootofsnowonthetraintracks,[PROMPTINGthetransitauthoritytoshutdownservicetemporarilyandCAUSINGdiscontentamongcommuterswhowereleftstrandedforhours].(Notetheremovalofthecommaaftertemporarily.)
(1.此句中prompting与causing作为主句的结果状语。
)
(2.正确句子中去掉了comma,只有clause之间才可以加comma,而且这个comma是optional的。
分词短语之间加comma必错)
10.RIGHT:
TheexperienceswehaveINCHILDHOODinfluenceourbehaviorINADULTHOOD.
Chapter5:
Pronouns
Whatistheantecedentofthispronoun?
~agreeinnumber
~notambiguous~&~antecedentandpronounshouldmakesense
!
!
!
Watchoutfornounsusedasadjectives!
Theycannotbeantecedentsofpronouns.Theantecedenttowhichyouwanttorefermustactuallyexistinthesentenceasanoun.
*TheAntecedent&PronounMustMakeSenseTogether(logically)
WRONG:
Althoughtheterm“supercomputer”maysoundfancifulorexaggerated,ITissimplyanextremelyfastmainframethatcanexecutetrillionsofcalculationseverysecond.
(theterm“s..”isnotamainframe,butitreferstoamainframe)
RIGHT:
Althoughtheterm“supercomputer”maysoundfancifulorexaggerated,ITsimplyREFERSTOanextremelyfastmainframethatcanexecutetrillionsofcalculationseverysecond.
!
Alwayscheckthattheantecedentmake
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