厦门大学二外英语.docx
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厦门大学二外英语.docx
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厦门大学二外英语
厦门大学2012年二外英语考研真题
PartIReadingComprehension(每小题2分,共40分)
Directions:
Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Wecanseehowtheproductlifecycleworksbylookingattheintroductionofinstantcoffee.Whenitwasintroduced,mostpeopledidnotlikeitaswellas“regular”coffer,andittookseveralyearstogaingeneralacceptance(introductionstage).Atonepoint,though,instantcoffeegrewrapidlyinpopularity,andmanybrandswereintroduced(stageofrapidgrowth).Afterawhilepeoplebecameattachedtoonebrandandsalesleveledoff(stageofmaturity).Saleswentintoaslightdeclinewhenfreeze-driedcoffeeswereintroduced(stageofdecline).
Theimportanceoftheproductlifecycletomarketersisthis:
differentstagesintheproductlifecyclecallfordifferentstrategies.Thegoalistoextendproductlifesothatsalesandprofitsdonotdecline.Onestrategyiscalledmarketmodification.Itmeansthatmarkingmanagerslookfornewusersandmarketsections.Didyouknow,forexample,thatthebackpacksthatsomanystudentscarrytodaywereoriginallydesignedforthemilitary?
Marketmodificationalsomeanssearchingforincreasedusageamongresentcustomersorgoingforadifferentmarket,suchasseniorcitizens.Amarketermayre-positiontheproducttoappealtonewmarketsections.
Anotherproductextensionstrategyiscalledproductmodification.Itinvolveschangingproductquality,features,orstyletoattractnewusersormoreusagefrompresentusers.Americanautomanufacturersareusingqualityimprovementasonewaytorecaptureworldmarkets.Note,also,howautomanufacturersoncechangedstylesdramaticallyfromyeartoyeartokeepdemandfromfalling.
1.Accordingtothepassage,whenpeoplegrowfondofoneparticularbrandofaproduct,itssaleswill____.
A)decreasegraduallyB)becomeunstable
C)improveenormouslyD)remainatthesamelevel
2.Thefirstparagraphtellsusthatanewproductis_____.
A)usuallyintroducedtosatisfydifferenttastes
B)oftenmoreexpensivethanoldones
C)ofteninferiortooldonesatfirst
D)noteasilyacceptedbythepublic
3.Marketersneedtoknowwhichofthefourstagesaproductisinsoasto____.
A)workoutmarketingpoliciesB)increaseitspopularity
C)promoteitsproductionD)speedupitslifecycle
4.Theauthormentionstheexampleof“backpacks”(thelastsentence,Paragraph2)toshowtheimportanceof____.
A)increasingusageamongstudents
B)exploringnewmarketsections
C)pleasingtheyoungaswellastheold
D)servingbothmilitaryandcivilneeds
5.Inordertorecovertheirshareoftheworldmarket,USautomakersare_____.
A)improvingproductquality
B)modernizingproductstyle
C)re-positioningtheirproductinthemarket
D)increasingproductfeatures
PassageTwo
Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Playistheprincipalbusinessofchildhood,andmoreandmoreinrecentyearsresearchhasshownthevitalimportanceofplayinthedevelopmentofahumanbeing.Fromearliestinfancy,everychildneedsadequateopportunityandtherightmaterialforplay,andthemaintoolsofplayaretoys.Theirmainfunctionistosuggest,encourageandassistplay.Tosucceedinthistheymustbegoodtoys,thereforeitisimportanttochoosesuitabletoysfordifferentstagesofachild’sdevelopment.
Inrecentyearsresearchoninfantdevelopmenthasshownthestandardachildislikelytoreach,withintherangeofhisinheritedabilities,islargelydeterminedinthefirstthreeyearsofhislife.Therightplaymaterialsforababyshouldbethingstotouch,thingstolistento,andthingstowatch.Atnotimeinhislifewillachilddevelopasfastasnow;inthefirsttwoyearseachmonthbringsachangeinwhathecandoandwhatheneeds.Ababywhoisencouragedandstimulated,talkedto,andshownthingsandplayedwith,hasthebestchanceofgrowingupsuccessfully.Thereisnodoubtthatherightplaymaterialsandopportunitiesareoftheutmostimportance.
Thenextstage,fromthreetofiveyearsold,istheheydayfortoys,andatthisstagecuriosityknowsnobounds.Everytypeofsuitabletoyshouldbemadeavailabletothechild;bricksandjigsawsandconstructiontoys;areconcernedandseriouswhentheyplay,fortothemplayisaseriousbusiness,andthroughittheyarelearningabouttheworldandgrowingup.
Bythethirdstageofplaydevelopment—fromfivetosevenoreightyear—thechildisatschool.Butforafewmoreyearsplayisstillthebestwayoflearning,athomeoratschool.Therighttoyatthisstagecansometimesleadtothechoiceofacareer.
Untiltheageofsevenoreight,playandworkmeanmuchthesamethingtoachild.Butoncereadinghasbeenmastered,thenbooksandschoolbecomethemainsourceoflearning.Toysarestillinterestingandvaluable,buttheirsignificancehaschanged—toachildofnineortenyears,toysandgamesmean,astoadults,relaxationandfun.
6.Fromthepassageweunderstandthatachild____.
A)tendstobeinterestedintoys
B)maturesthroughplayingoverandover
C)cannotmaturewithouttoys
D)hastobetaughthowtoplay
7.Inthewriter’sopiniontherightkindofplaymaterialsforinfants____.
A)stimulatethetalents
B)encouragevisualawareness
C)developthetouchingsense
D)assisttheauralresponses
8.Childrenofthreetofiveyearsoldfindplayaseriousbusinessbecausethey_____.
A)aredevelopingtheirmuscles
B)areexercisingtheirimagination
C)areacquiringknowledgethroughplay
D)arelearninghowtogrowup
9.Onceachildhaslearnedtoread,heusually______.
A)stopsplayingwithtoys
B)learnslessfromhistoys
C)onlygetsinformationfrombooks
D)onlylearnswhenatschool
10.Itseemsthatolderchildrenandadultsconsidertoysandgamesshould_____.
A)beplayedasajoke
B)beplayedforamusement
C)teachtheplayerslearnsomething
D)maketheplayersfeelfunny
PassageThree
Questions11-15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Themoretimescientistsspenddesigningcomputersthemoretheymarvelatthehumanbrain,Tasksthatbaffle(难住)themostadvancedsupercomputer—recognizingaface,readingahandwrittennote—arechild’splayforthe3-poundorgan.Mostimportant,unlikeanyconventionalcomputer,thebraincanlearnfromitsmistakes.Researchershavetriedforyearstoprogramcomputerstoimitatethebrain’sabilities,butwithoutsuccess.Nowagrowingnumberofdesignersbelievetheyhavetheanswer:
ifacomputeristofunctionmorelikeapersonandlesslikeanover-growncalculatoritmustbebuiltmorelikeabrain,whichdistributesinformationacrossavastinterconnectedwebofnervecells,orneurons.
Conventionalcomputersfunctionbyfollowingachainlikesequenceofdetailedinstructions.Althoughveryfast,theirprocessorscanperformonlyoncetaskatatime.Thisapproachworksbestinsolvingproblemsthatcanbebrokendownintosimplerlogicalpieces.Theprocessorsinaneural-networkcomputer,bycontrast,formanetworkmuchlikethenervecellsinthebrain.Sincetheseartificialneuronsareinterconnected,theycanshareinformationandperformtasksatthesametime.Thistwo-dimensionalapproachworksbestatrecognizingpatterns.
Insteadofprogramminganeural-networkcomputertomakedecisions,itsmakertrainsittorecognizepatternsinanysolutiontoproblembyrepeatedlyfeedingexamplestothemachine.
Neuralnetworkscomeinallshapesandsizes.Untilnowmostexistedassoftwaresimulations(模拟品)becauseredesigningcomputerchipstookalotoftimeandmoney.Byexperimentingwithdifferentapproachesthroughsoftwareratherthanhardware,scientistshavebeenabletoavoidcostlymistakes.
11.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatthemostadvancedsupercomputer_____.
A)canrecognizeafaceandreadahandwrittennote
B)canlearnfromitsmistakes
C)weightsonly3pounds
D)cannotdistributeinformationacrossaninterconnectedwebnervecells
12.WhatisNOTtrueofaconventionalcomputer?
A)Itmustbeprogrammedbeforeitworks.
B)Itcanonlysolveoneproblematatime.
C)Itisgoodatsolvingoneproblematatime.
D)Itistrainedtorecognizepatternsinsteadofmakingdecisions.
13.Themainfeatureofaneural-networkcomputeristhat_____.
A)itsprocessorsactasaninterconnectedwebofneurons
B)itisprogrammedtomakedecisions
C)itsnetworksareofallshapesandsizes
D)itsneuronsareartificial
14.Theexpression“thistwo-dimensionalapproach”inthesecondparagraphrefersto_____.
A)theconventionalcomputerandtheneuralcomputer
B)makingdecisionsandrecognizingpatterns
C)sharinginformationandperformingtasks
D)thecomputerandthehumanbrain
15.Scientistsusesoftwareratherthanhardwareintheirexperimentsbecause______.
A)itcanavoidredesigningcomputerchips
B)itcansavealotoftimeandmoney
C)itcanavoidmakingmistakes
D)itismorelikethehumanbrain
PassageFour
Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Inafamilywheretherolesofmenandwomenarenotsharplyseparatedandwheremanyhouseholdtasksaresharedtoagraterorlesserextent,notionsofmakesuperiorityarehardtomaintain.Thepatternofsharingintasksandindecisionmakesforequalityandthisinturntofurthersharing.Insuchahome,thegrowingboyandgirllearntoacceptequalitymoreeasilythandidtheirparentsmorefullyforp
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