学术英语理工版考试复习重点.docx
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学术英语理工版考试复习重点.docx
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学术英语理工版考试复习重点
书第二页:
Task2
1No,becausetheyallseemlikeasubjectratherthanatopic,asubjectwhichcannotbeaddressedevenbyawholebook,letalonebya1500-wordessay.
2Eachofthemcanbebrokendownintovariousandmorespecificaspects.Forexample,cancercanbeclassifiedintobreastcancer,lungcancer,livercancerandsoon.Breastcancercanhave
suchspecifictopicsforresearchascausesforbreastcancer,effectsofbreastcancerand
preventionordiagnosisofbreastcancer.
3Actuallythetopicsofeachfieldareendless.Takebreastcancerforexample,wecanhavethetopicslike:
WhyWomenSufferfromBreastCancerMoreThanMen?
ANewWaytoFindBreastTumors
SomeRisksofGettingBreastCancerinDailyLife
BreastCancerandItsDirectBiologicalImpact
BreastCancer—theSymptoms&Diagnosis
BreastfeedingandBreastCancer
Task3
1Text1illustrateshowhackersorunauthorizedusersuseonewayoranothertogetinsidea
computer,whileText2describesthevariouselectronicthreatsacomputermayface.
2Bothfocusonthevulnerabilityofacomputer.
3Text1analyzesthewaysofcomputerhackers,whileText2describessecurityproblemsofa
computer.
4Text1:
Thewayhackers“getinside”acomputer
Text2:
Electronicthreatsacomputerfaces
Yes,Ithinktheyareinteresting,important,manageableandadequate.
2Formulatingaresearchquestion书11页
Task1Text3
Researchquestion1:
Howmanytypesofcloudservicesarethereandwhatarethey?
Researchquestion2:
Whatisgreencomputing?
Researchquestion3:
Whatareadvantagesofthecloudcomputing?
Text4
Researchquestion1:
WhatistheWeb3.0?
Researchquestion2:
Whatareadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthecloudcomputing?
Researchquestion3:
Whatsecuritybenefitscanthecloudcomputingprovide?
Task2书18页
2Topic2:
ThreatsofArtificialIntelligence
Researchquestions:
1)Whatarethethreatsofartificialintelligence?
2)Howcanhumanbeingscontrolthosethreats?
3)Whatarethedifficultiestocontrolthosethreats?
3Topic3:
ThePotentialsofNanotechnology
Researchquestions:
1)Whatareitspotentialsinmedicine?
2)Whatareitspotentialsinspaceexploration?
3)Whatareitspotentialsincommunications?
4Topic4:
GlobalWarmingandItsEffects
Researchquestions:
1)Howdoesitaffectthepatternofclimates?
2)Howdoesitaffecteconomicactivities?
3)Howdoesitaffecthumanbehavior?
2Scanningandskimming
Task书43页
1Artificialintelligence.
2Thearticlemayarguefor/againsttheideathatartificialintelligencewillreplacehumanjobsin
thefuture.
3Thestorytellsthatcomputerizationthreatenstoreplacemanywhite-collarjobs.
4Theauthorisoptimisticandmaynotagreethatmachineswillreplacehumanjobs.
5Thespecterofautomationunemployingusallmayhavefinallyarrived.
6Butthemassjobshrinkagethattheseobserversallexpecteddidnotcome.
7YetAmericansasawholewerenotautomatedoutofwork.(Para.8,L1)
Yet,throughallthat,morenewjobsappeared.(Para.11,L2)
8Manwillnotlosejobsbecausetherewillalwaysbedemandsofaneweconomy.
9Theneighborwouldprefertoordertheshoesfrommachine-handlingfactories.
10Savingwillleadtospendingwhichinturnwillcreatenewer,perhapsbetterjobstomorrow
书66页Task2
1Thewriterdevelopshismainideasaboutglobalwarmingmainlythroughthestructureof
cause-and-effect.
2Thewriterillustratestheeffectsofglobalwarmingthroughthestructureofclassification.
3Theeffectsarearrangedfromthemostobvioustoleastobvious,andsignalwordsinclude:
the
mostprominenteffectofglobalwarming;anotherareaaffectedbyglobalwarming;athirdtype
ofevidenceofglobalwarming.
4Fourtypes.Theyarecarbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxideandchlorofluocarbons.
5Paragraph11followsthepatternofproblem-and-solution.Thesignalwordsare“acommon
problemthatarisesis”,“needstotakeactionnow”.
书71页6Readingcritically
Task1
Thetoneofone’swritingindicatestheirfeelingsandattitudetowardthetopicbeingdiscussed.
Itrevealswhethertheyarebeingplayfulorserious,humorousorsomber,whethertheyareangry
ortranquil,bitterorconfident.Throughtone,theirattitudetowardwhattheyarewritingaboutand
theirrelationshiptotheirreadersbecomeclear.
Controllingtoneislargelyamatterofselectingwordsandsentences,andchoosingdetailssoas
toservethepurposeofwritingwell.Nowlet’sconsiderthefollowingsentenceswhichyouwrite
totelltwofacts:
ThesalesofvitaminEhavedoubledinthepastfiveyears.Theincreaseinsaleshasbeenhelped
bythestatementsfromhealthfoodenthusiastsanddoctors.
1Combinedintoasingleone,sentence1isimpartialintonebecauseitdoesn’trevealyour
attitude.Impartialandtonelesssentencesarewhatyouwanttowriteifyoueitherhaveno
opinionorwanttoseemfactualandobjective,ratherthanpersonalandsubjective.
2Strongintoneandclearinattitude:
sentence2reflectsyourbeliefthatvitaminEsaleshave
surgedbecauseofadeceptiveandmisleadingadvertisementcampaign.Ifyoufeelthesentence
istoostrong,tooopinionated,perhapsevenbiased,youmaysuggestyourfeelingsinsteadof
statingthemdirectly.
3Byusingthewords—freaksandquack,thisversioncanmakeyourreadersensenotonlyyour
reservationabouttheworthofthevitaminbutalsoyourcontemptofthosewhopromoteit.But
thetoneissostrongthatyourreadermayconsideritexaggeratedandmayevenquestionits
truth.
4Thisversionismoresuggestiveandlessexplicit,thoughyourattitudeisstillnegativebecause
“faddists”(unlikeenthusiasts)areawordwithunfavorableassociationsandbecauseclaims
“(unlikestatements)”encouragethereadertodoubttheirtruth.
5Byinsertingthedetailthatonlyafewdoctorsmakeclaimsforvitamin,theversionseemsbiased
asthetoneisstronger.
6Thephrase“somedoctors”impliesthatthereisanothergroupofdoctorswhohavemadeno
claimsforthevitaminandwhomayperhapsrejectsuchclaims.
7Theword“even”suggestsyoursurprisethatdoctors,whoshouldknowbetter,havemadesuch
foolishclaims,thusfurtherweakensthesupportofthedoctorswithoutmakingyourstatement
seemexaggeratedorbiased.
8,9Tonenotonlycanbecontrolledbythechoiceofwordsanddetailsbutalsobythechoiceof
structures.Sentence8and9maketheimpliedcriticismmoreforcefulasthenegativewordsor
phraseshavebeenmovedtotheirbeginningorendposition,thepositionwhichismore
emphaticforone’sopinion.
10,11,12Thethreesentencesarenotcriticalbutfavorableintonetowardtheincreasedsalesof
vitaminE,because“experts”seemmoretrustworthythan“enthusiasts”andboth“reports”and
“testimony”carrymoreweightthanmere“statements”.
13,14Thetwosentenceshaveapositivetonebecausethephrase“anumberofdoctors”sounds
moreimpressivethan“afew”or“somedoctors”.And“anumberofleadingdoctors”are
supposedtobemorereliable,thoughnotasreliableas“leadingmedicalauthorities”.
15,16,17Thethreesentencesarelessformalandmorepersonalthantheprevioussentencesas
thefirst-personview“I”isadoptedtopersonalizetheirtone.
18,19Thetwosentencesaremoreinformalasthecloserrelationshipbetweenyourselfandthe
readerisestablishedbyaskingquestions.
20,21Byaddressingthereaderas“you”,thesentencesaremoreinformalandpersonal.
22Theinformalityofyourwritingwillbeincreasedbycontractions,slang,andshort,simple
wordsinsteadoflonger,morecomplexones.
书76页TakingnotesTask
Title:
GlobalWarmingandItsEffects
Author(s):
NicolasDalleva
Source:
Mainideas:
Theessaymainlytalksabouttheeffectsandcausesofglobalwarming.
Mainfindingsorideas:
Globalwarminghavenegativeeffectsonclimatechanges,survivalof
animals,developmentofplants,people’shealthandglobaleconomy.Therearetwomajorcauses
forglobalwarming:
burningoffossilfuelsandgreenhousegases.
Conclusion:
Theworldneedstoputforthastrongerefforttopreventglobalwarming.
Paragraphs
Organization
Content
Para.1
Phenomenon
Globalwarminghasbeenaglobalissuenow,despite
minimaleffortsaremadetopreventglobalwarming.
Paras.2-4
EffectI
Itaffectstheclimatechange.
EffectII
Itaffectsthesurvivalofanimals.
EffectIII
Itaffectsthedevelopmentofplants.
EffectIV
Itaffectsthehealthofpeople.
EffectV
Itaffectseconomy.
Paras.5-7
CauseI
burningoffossilfuels(carbondioxide)
CauseII
greenhousegasessuchasmethane,nitrousoxide,and
chlorofluocarbon
Paras.9-10
Comments
Globalwarmingevenaffectseconomyandhealth.
Paras.11-12
Conclusion
astrongerandjointeffortneededtopreventglobal
warming
书78页WritingasummaryTask1
Thesourcematerialusesastoryofidenticaltwinstoillustratetheideathatapartfromthe
importantrolethegenesplayinthedevelopmentofanindividual,theirenvironmentalexperience
alsoaffectstheirtraitsgreatly.Thesummarygraspstheideawithoutdetailsofthestory.
Task2
2Historyhasdemonstratedthattechnologyaffectseducationprofoundly.Consideringthe
definitionoftechnologybroadly,onemaysaythatprehistoricpeopleusedprimitive
technologiestoteachskillstotheiryoung.
3Psychologycanbedividedintoseveralimportanttheories.Behaviouristsemphasizetheroleof
environmentinshapingone’sbehavior,whilecognitivistsexplainbehaviorbyanalyzingmental
processes.Freudiansandhumanistsaremoreconcernedwithexploringbehaviorthroughthe
personalitywhereassocialconstructivistscon
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