英美概况2.docx
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英美概况2.docx
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英美概况2
1CausesoftheAmericanRevolution:
SonsofLiberty自由之子(1765);StampAct印花税法案;1stContinentalCongress第一次大陆会议;Loyalistsvs.Patriots支持者和爱国者.
2Leaders:
American&British-JohnAdams亚当斯;ThomasJefferson;JamesMadison麦迪逊;AlexanderHamilton亚历山大汉密尔顿;PatrickHenry帕特里克亨利;KingGeorgeIII;Gen.Cornwallis康沃利斯将军.
3ThomasJeffersonandthe”DeclarationofIndependence";2ndContinentalCongress第二次大陆会议.
4outbreakofWar(1776);BostonMassacre波士顿惨案&theBostonTeaParty波士顿茶党.
Despitethefailureoftheirassault袭击(seebattleofQuebec),andamanpowershortagecausedbyexpiring到期periodsofenlistment征募,theAmericansattemptedtomaintaintheirsiegeofQuebec.Reinforced,theAmericanforceadvancedbackuptheSt.Lawrence圣罗伦斯andattemptedasurpriseattackontheBritishcamp.TheresultingbattleofTroisRivieres三河城resultedinanheavyAmericandefeat,rapidlyfollowedbytheabandonmentoftheCanadianadventure,nottoberepeateduntiltheWarof1812.
Thesouthernexpeditionwentwrongalmostfromthebeginning.WiththefailureoftheattackonCharlestonBritishactivityinthesouthendedfortwoyears.
ThemainBritisharmybegantheyearblockaded挡住inBoston.On2March,theAmericansbegantheirartillerybombardment炮火袭击.TheythencapturedtheDorchesterHeights多尔切斯特高地,overlookingBostonHarbor.Howeandhisarmydeparted离开forHalifax哈利法克斯on17March.TheAmericanslethimgoinpeaceinreturnforanagreementnottoburnthecitybeforeheleft.NowBostonwassecure,theAmericanswereconcentratingtheirforcesaroundNewYorkandbuildingupthedefenses.TheBritishfleet舰队wassightedon29JuneandtheBritisharmylandedonStatenIsland斯塔顿岛on3July.Howemadehismoveon22August.15,000menwerelandedonLongIsland.TheBritishstartedtomoveon26August.TheresultingbattleofLongIslandwasaresounding轰动的Britishvictory.TheAmericanswereforcedbackintoBrooklyn布鲁克林.Finallyon28OctobertheBritishattackedagain(battleofWhitePlains)andagaininflicted把强加给adefeatonWashington.On16NovemberHowelaunchedhisattackonthebadlyplannedAmericanlinesaroundtheFort堡垒.TheAmericanlinescollapsed崩溃onthreesides,andwhentheretreated撤退troopsreachedFortWashington,Mag-awquicklydecidedtosurrender投降.AfewdayslaterFortLeewasalsocapturedbytheBritish.TheBostonMassacre:
Topreventseriousdisorder,Britaindispatched派遣4,000troopstoBostonin1768—aratherextrememove,consideringthatBostonhadonlyabout20,000residentsatthetime.Indeed,thetroopdeployment调度quicklyprovedamistake,asthesoldiers’presenceinthecityonlymadethesituationworse.Bostonians,requiredtohousethesoldiersintheirownhomes,resented愤恨theirpresencegreatly.Tensions紧张mounteduntilMarch5,1770,whenaprotestingmob抗议暴徒clashed冲突violentlywithBritishregulars正规军,resultinginthedeathoffiveBostonians.Althoughmosthistoriansactuallyblametherock-throwingmobforpickingthefight,Americansthroughoutthecolonies殖民地quicklydubbed授予称号theeventtheBostonMassacre.Thisincident,alongwithdomestic国货pressuresfromBritishmerchantssufferingfromcolonialnonimportation不进口agreements,convincedParliament议会torepeal废除theTownshendActs汤森法案.Thetaxontea,however,remainedinplaceasamatterofprinciple.Thisdecisionledtomoreviolentincidents.TheBostonTeaParty:
Inresponsetotheunpopularact,teaagentsinmanyAmericancitiesresignedorcanceledorders,andmerchantsrefusedconsignments托运.InBoston,however,GovernorThomasHutchinson托马斯哈钦森resolved决定touphold支持thelawandorderedthatthreeshipsarrivinginBostonHarborbeallowedtodeposit存放theircargoes货物andthatappropriatepaymentbemadeforthegoods.Thispolicyprompted引起aboutsixtymen,includingsomemembersoftheSonsofLiberty,toboardtheshipsonthenightofDecember16,1773anddumptheteachestsintothewater.TheeventbecameknownastheBostonTeaParty.
GeorgeWashingtonearlybackground,Presidency乔治华盛顿总统早期背景Asayoungersoninaland-poor有地无钱的family,WashingtonhadtoworkhardtowinhispositionasaVirginia弗吉尼亚gentleman.Hiseducationwassketchy概略的--hewastheonlyoneofthe1st6Presidentswhoneverattendedcollege--andtheonlysubjectshepursuedindepthweremathematicsandsurveying土地测量.Whenhewas11hisfatherdied,andat14Washingtonwantedtorunawaytosea,buthismotherpreventedhim.Thedominant占优势的figureinhisadolescence青春期washisolderhalf-brother,Lawrence劳伦斯,whohadadvancedthefamilyfortunesbymarryingintothewealthyFairfax费尔法克斯family.WhenWashingtonwas17,Lawrencegothimajobasasurveyor测量员fortheFairfax’s.For$7aday,theyoungmanenduredsevere苛刻的hardshipswhilemappingout罗列newlandsonthefrontier边界.Withthisexperiencebehindhim,the21-year-oldWashingtonwasnamedasaspecialmessenger送信者tocarryanultimatum最后通牒fromthegovernorofVirginiatoFrenchoutposts前哨战fartothewest.Onthisdramatic激动人心的mission,Washingtonhandledhimselfwithdignityandresourcefulness智慧,andhispublishedaccountofhisadventureswonhimafavorablereputation.In1753,withVirginiathreatenedbyaconflictwithFrance,Washingtonwascommissioned受委任alieutenantcolonel陆军中校ofthemilitia.Dreamingofconquest战胜andglory,hemarchedoutwithatinyforceandrashly鲁莽地attackedaFrenchscoutingparty侦查方--inoneofthekeyincidentsthatprovoked激起theFrenchandIndianWar.Hisblunders错误,however,weresoonforgottenafterheshowedgreatcourageatthebattleknownas”Braddock’sDefeat布拉多克的失败,"inwhichWashington'sleadershipwaslargelyresponsibleforallowing1/3oftheBritish-Americantroopstoescapewiththeirlives.At23,hewaspromotedtofullcolonelandplacedincommandofallVirginiaforcesinthewar.For3yearsheconductedadogged顽强的andskillfuldefenseoftheVirginiafrontier边界againstsporadic不定时发生的attacksbytheFrenchandtheirIndianallies盟友.Thiswasthesumofhismilitaryexperiencebeforehewasnamedcommander-in-chief总司令oftheRevolutionaryarmiessome18yearslater.
Resigninghiscommissionin1758,WashingtonwaselectedtotheVirginiaHouseofBurgesses弗吉尼亚下议院onhis3rdtry.Heserveddiligently勤勉的for15years,butwithoutparticulardistinction.Mostofhisattentionwascenteredontheadministration管理ofhisplantation种植园,MountVernon弗农山庄,whichhehadinheritedafterhishalf-brotherLawrencediedoftuberculosis肺结核.
In1774Washingtonwaschosenasoneofthe7Virginiarepresentativestothe1stContinentalCongressinPhiladelphia费城.Bythetimethe2ndCongressconvened召集inMay,1775,theRevolutionaryfightingwasalreadyunderway.Withthousandsofunorganizedtroopscamped露营nearBoston,therepresentativespondered考虑thechoiceofacommander-in-chief.Forpoliticalreasons,itwasconsiderednecessarytoappointaVirginian:
WithallthefightingcenteredinMassachusetts马赛诸塞州,specialcarehadtobetakeninordertoinsurefullsouthernsupportforthecause.NotonlydidWashingtonmeetthegeographicalqualification,buthehadaquiet,soldierlybearing军人的举止,areputationfordependability,andfewpoliticalenemies.OnJune16,Congressselectedhimassupreme最高的commander.Washingtonprotestedthathewasunqualified,citinghislackofmilitaryexperience,butafewdayslaterhewasinfulluniformandonhiswaytoBoston.
DeclarationofIndependence
Theunanimous意见一致的DeclarationofthethirteenunitedStatesofAmerica,WhenintheCourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforonepeopletodissolve解散thepoliticalbandswhichhaveconnectedthemwithanother,andtoassume呈现amongthepowersoftheearth,theseparateandequalstationtowhichtheLawsofNatureandofNature'sGodentitlethem,adecent合适的respecttotheopinionsofmankindrequiresthattheyshoulddeclarethecauseswhichimpel驱使themtotheseparation.
Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident不言而喻的,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowed赋予bytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienable不可剥夺的Rights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.--Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned,--ThatwheneveranyFormofGovernmentbecomesdestructive破坏的oftheseends,itistheRightofthePeopletoalter改变ortoabolishit,andtoinstitutenewGovernment,layingitsfoundationonsuchprinciplesandorganizingitspowersinsuchform,astothemshallseemmostlikelytoeffecttheirSafetyandHappiness.Prudence普鲁登斯,indeed,willdictatethatGovernmentslongestablishedshouldnotbechangedforlightandtransient短暂的causes;andaccordinglyallexperiencehathshown展出,thatmankindaremoredisposed有倾向tosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable可忍耐的,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,篡夺pursuinginvariably不变地thesameObjectevinces引起adesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism专制,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity.--SuchhasbeenthepatientsufferanceoftheseColonies;andsuchisnowthenecessitywhichconstrains约束themtoaltertheirformerSystemsofGovernment.ThehistoryofthepresentKingofGreatBritain英国君主列表isahistoryofrepeatedinjuriesandusurpations,allhavingindirectobjecttheestablishmentofanabsoluteTyranny暴政overtheseStates.Toprovethis,letFactsbesubmitted递交toacandid公正的world.
Electionof1800–ThomasJefferson、JohnAdams
PresidentialCandidates:
John–Federalist联邦党andIncumbent现任的President/AaronBurr艾伦伯尔–Democratic-Republican民主共和党/JohnJay杰伊-Federalist/
ThomasJefferson–Democratic-RepublicanandIncumbentVicePresident/CharlesPinckney平克尼-Federalist
VicePresidentialCandidates:
Therewereno“official”vicepresidentialcandidatesintheelectionof1800.Accordingto
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