Phonology.docx
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Phonology.docx
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Phonology
•
Phonology
•StudyFocus
•Phonology
•Phoneme
•Allophone
•Minimalpairs
•Complementarydistribution
•Suprasegmentalfeatures
•1.Whatisphonology?
•Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
•Whatisasoundpattern?
•
(1)thesetofsoundsthatoccurinagivenlanguage;
•
(2)thepermissiblearrangementsofthesesoundsinwords;
•(3)theprocessesofadding,deleting,orchangingsounds.
•TheEnglishlanguage
•Englishhasmanywordswiththepatternconsonant-vowel-consonant.
•Manywordscontainconsonantclusters.
•Englishconsonantclustersarequitelimitedinthesoundstheymaycontain.
•Nomorethanthreeconsonantsmayoccuratthebeginningofaword.
•Whenthreeinitialconsonantsdooccur,thefirstmustbe/s/.
•Everywordmustcontainatleastonevowel-likesegment,exceptinterjectionslikesh!
•Therearelimitationsontheco-occurrence(共现)ofcertainvowelswithcertainconsonantsinthesamesyllable.
E.g.thevowelofhousedoesnotoccurbeforeafinal/b,p,m,f,v/.
•2.Phonologyandphonetics
•Phonologyandphoneticsarebothconcernedwithspeechsounds,buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus:
•Example:
Howisthesound[l]studiedinphoneticsandphonology
Thedifferencebetweentheclear[l]anddark[ɫ]
•clear[l]:
leaf[li:
f]
black [blæk]
lose[lu:
z]
•dark[ɫ]:
pool [pu:
ɫ]
milk[mɪɫk]
full[fʊɫ]or[f̩ɫ]
•Thetwosoundsarefundamentallythesame,sincetheyhaveoneandthesamefunctionincommunication,indistinguishingbetweenwordsandmeaningsdespitetheirdifferenceinpronunciation.
•Thedistributionpatternofthedifferentversionsofthe[l]sound,acomplementarypattern.
•Weuseclear[l]beforeavowel,suchasloaf,anddark[ɫ]attheendofawordafteravowelorbeforeaconsonant.
•3.Phone,phoneme,andallophone
3.1Phone音素
•Aphoneisaphoneticunit(语音单位)orsegment(音段).Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.
•Phonesareindividualsoundsastheyoccurinspeech.
•Aphonedoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.
[mi:
t]and[ni:
t]
[spit]and[sphit]
3.2Phoneme音位
•Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.
•(a)thewordspanandbandifferonlyintheirinitialsound:
panbeginswith/p/andbanwith/b/.
•(b)banandbindifferonlyintheirvowels:
/æ/and/i/.
•Therefore,/p/,/b/,/æ/and/i/arephonemesofEnglish.
•Thenumberofphonemesvariesfromonelanguagetoanother.
•Characteristicsofphonemes
•Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit(音系单位).
•Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
•Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.
•E.g.theunaspirated[p]andtheaspirated[ph]areallphonesofthephoneme/p/.
•Aphonemeiscapableofdistinguishingmeaning.
•Wecantellthedifferenceamong/mæn/,/pæn/,/bæn/,/tæn/,/ræn/,/kæn/,/æn/becausetheyallcontainadifferentphoneme.
3.3Allophone音位变体
•Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.
•Theunaspirated[p](不送气)andtheaspirated[ph](送气)areallophones(音位变体)ofthephoneme/p/(音位).
•Thephoneme/l/canberealizedasclear[l](清晰)anddark[ɫ](模糊).(Theyaretheallophonesofthephoneme/l/.
•4.Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair
•Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways:
phonemiccontrast(音位对立)
complementarydistribution(互补分布)
•Phonemiccontrast:
Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyformaphonemiccontrast.
e.g./p/and/b/in/pit/and/bit/
***Complementarydistribution
Complementarydistributionreferstothesituationinwhichphonesneveroccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.
•Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments.Soallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
Weuseclear[l]beforeavowel,suchasloaf,anddark[ɫ]attheendofawordafteravowelorbeforeaconsonant.
•Minimalpair最小对立体
•Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.
•Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.
•Aneasywaytodothisistofindtheminimalpairs.
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
•bearpear
•bigpig
•billpill
•pilltill
•tillkill
•bearpear
•bigpig
•billpill
•pilltill
•tillkill
•Accordingly,wecanconcludethat/b//p//t//k/arephonemesinEnglish.
•Minimalset
•feat,fit,fat,fate,fought,foot
•big,pig,rig,fig,dig,wig
•5.Phonologicalrules
•Sequentialrules序列规则
•Assimilationrules同化规则
•Deletionrule省略规则
•Sequentialrules:
rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.
•Student’spresentation:
Topic:
initialsoundis/s/
•Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:
(1) Thefirstphonememustbe/s/
(2)Thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/
(3) Thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/
•Basedonthesequentialrules,wecantellwhatarrangementsofsoundscanformpossiblewordsinalanguage.
blik,klib,bilk,kilb
spring,strict,square
•Assimilationrules:
Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby‘copying’afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.
•Whenaspeechsoundchanges,andbecomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitorprecedesit,thisiscalledassimilation.
•The[i:
]soundisnasalizedinwordslikebean,green,team,scream.
•Thealveolarnasal[n]isassimilatedtoavelarnasal[ŋ]inthewordincorrect,because[k]isavelarstop.
•Thesoundassimilation(foreaseofarticulation)isreflectedinthespelling(wordformation):
•InEnglish,thenegativeprefixappearsasim-beforewordssuchaspossible:
Aspossiblestartswithabilabialsound,theprefixim-endsinabilabialsound.
•Whynotinpossible?
•Canyouexplainintolerant?
•Howaboutillegalandirregular?
•Progressiveassimilation
•Regressiveassimilation
•Reciprocalassimilation
•What’sthis?
•It’seasy.
•What’shappened?
•Iusedto…
•Inbed
•Tenminutes
•Don’tbelate.
•Good-bye
•Incase
•Idon’tcare.
•Goodgirl
•Thisshape
•Thisyear
•Hasshecome?
•Where’syours?
•education
•situation
•Deletionrule:
Thedeletionruledetermineswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented(presentinthespelling).
signsignature
designdesignation
paradigmparadigmatic
•Therule:
deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.
•6.Suprasegmentalfeatures
超切分特征
•Syllable
•Stress
•Tone(pitchmovement)
•Intonation
6.1Syllable
•Aunitinspeechwhichisoftenlongerthanonesoundandsmallerthanawholeword.
•Thesyllableisdefinedbythewayinwhichvowelsandconsonantscombinetoformvarioussequences.
•Vowelscanformasyllableontheirownortheycanbethecenterofasyllable.
•Consonantsareatthebeginningorendofsyllablesandwithafewexceptions,donotusuallyformsyllablesontheirown.
6.2Stress
•Thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables.
•Wordstressandsentencestress
•Wordstressreferstotherelativeforcegiventothesyllable(s)ofaword.
•ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.
•Sentencestressreferstotherelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofasentence.
•Student’spresentation:
Topic1:
wordstressandpartofspeech
Topic2:
sentencestress
IboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.
•Group-discussion
•Iampaintingmylivingroomblue.
•我有一本朋友送的英汉词典。
•Ashiftofstressmaychangethepartofspeechofaword:
import,increase,rebel
•Alterationofstressdistinguishesacompoundnounfromaphraseconsistingofthesameelements:
blackbird,blackbird;blackboard;greenhouse;hotdog,hotdog
•Wordstressdistinguishestwotypesof–ing+nouncombinations:
Compound:
dining-room,readingglasses,sewingmachine
Nounphraseswithan–ingparticiplemodifier:
sleepingbaby,swimmingfish
•ThepartsofspeechthatarenormallystressedinanEnglishsentencearenouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs,numeralsanddemonstrativepronouns.
•ThepartsofspeechthatarenormallyunstressedinanEnglishsentencearearticles,personpronouns,auxiliaryverbs,prepositions,andconjunctions.
•Togivespecialemphasistoacertainidea,anunstressedwordcanbestressed.
6.3Tone(pitchmovement)
•Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
•Whenwelistentopeoplespeaking,wecanhearsomesoundsorgroupsofsoundsintheirspeechtoberelativelyhigherorlowerthanothers.Thisrelativeheightofspeechsoundsasperceivedbyalisteneriscalledpitch.
•IntheEnglishquestionReady?
Meaning“areyouready?
”thesecondsyllable–dywillbeheardashavingahigherpitchthanthefirstsyllable.
•Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaning,especiallyintonelanguageslikeChinese
6.4Intonation
•Whenpit
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