瓷器与名窑Porcelain and famous kilndoc.docx
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瓷器与名窑Porcelain and famous kilndoc.docx
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瓷器与名窑Porcelainandfamouskilndoc
瓷器与名窑(Porcelainandfamouskiln)
Porcelainisakindofporcelainstone,kaolin,etc.,whichhasaglazeorpaintedobject.Topassinthekilnporcelainformingbyhightemperature(1280℃--1400℃)fire,onthesurfaceoftheporcelainglazecolorwillbedifferentbecausethetemperaturetoavarietyofchemicalchange.Sinteredporcelaintyresgenerallycontainonly3%oftheironelementsandareimpervioustowater,whicharewidelyusedbypeoplearoundtheworldduetotheirrelativelylowcostandimperviousproperties.Porcelainwithhighpurityofrawmaterialsemitsabrittlesoundsimilartothatofmetalwhentheycollidewitheachother.Theadvancedporcelainwasmuchmoredifficulttomakethanthegeneralporcelain,sotherewasalsoacollectionoffineChinaintheancientimperialfamily.AsoneofthespecialtyluxurygoodsofancientChina,porcelainwasspreadthroughvarioustradechannelstovariouscountries.Theexquisiteancientporcelainwascollectedbyalargenumberofcollectorsasacollectibleantique.China'sancientporcelainhadahighprice,butsomeofthenationaltreasureswerenotinChina.Whentheygotmarried,europeansandamericansespeciallylikedtogivethemtotheadvancedChinateasets.
[edit]make
Thecompleteprocessofmakingporcelainusuallygoesthroughthefollowingsteps.
Puree:
therawmaterialsofporcelain-kaolinandporcelainstonearewashed,mixedandmixedtobecomeporcelainclayformakingporcelain
Billetmanufacture:
theshapeoftheporcelainclaythatwillbetransferredtothemouldandsoon,theshapeoftheporcelainthatneedtobemade,theblankiscooltohalfdry,thecarplate,withtheknifetoturnthesurface,toensuretheporcelainappearanceoftheclean.Finally,inaccordancewiththeneedtousedifferentmaterials(iron,bone,woodandothermaterials)engravingknifetocarvepatternsonthesurface.
Throughthedifferentglazeorderofporcelain,theporcelainisdividedintotwodifferentcategories:
"glazingcolor"and"glazecolor".
Porcelainkilnglazes:
accordingtothegeometricshapeofChina,therearedifferentglazes.RoundmouthChina(thetypeofaroundtypeofvesselthatisformedthroughadrawingmethod)theporcelaintubeissoakedinglaze.Largeporcelainorirregularporcelain,glazedinthewayofblowingglazes.Regardlessofthemethod,itisimportanttoensureuniformdispersionofglaze.
Glazes:
generalhouseholdporcelainandChineseyuandynastyblue-and-whiteporcelainareofthistype:
Applythepaintdirectlytotheunglazedporcelainandthenglazeit.Becausethepigmentiswrappedundertheglaze,thecolorcanbekeptforalongtimeandisnoteasytowear.However,becausethecoloroftheglazewillcausethepigmenttoburnforabout1day,thecoloroftheporcelainwillchange,sothecoloroftheporcelainwillchangemore.
Coloredglazecolor:
willnotporcelainbodywayaftertheglazeinthekilnsinteringforporcelain,afterbeingcooledandthentopaint,andinarelativelylowtemperature(700℃--900℃)ofkilninsecondsintering.Suchapracticecanensurethedecorativepatternandcolorofglazecolorisrichandcolorful,butlong-termexposureorusecancausesurfacewear,leadtocolorfalloff.
[edit]type
Japan'sstrongteadrinkingwater.Chinaisinseparablefrompottery.Partwhenmixedwithkaolin(ornaturalglazefeldspar,quartz,lime,etc)andleadhimcontainingcopperoxide,ferricoxide,oxidationandnaturalcoloringredientssuchasrawmaterialsinthesinteringprocess,pottery,tenpercentinpotterysurfaceformednaturallythinglaze(Japanletterburnisfirstappeared.
)inthehistoryofChina,theporcelainofChinabeforetheMingdynasty(nodecorativepattern,withthepurityofcolourandpurityofcolor)wasdominatedbyporcelain.AftertheMingdynasty,paintedporcelainwasthemainpopularporcelain.Anotherporcelainmaker,Japan,alsodevelopeditsuniqueteawareswiththeteaceremonyculture.Theearliestvegetableceramicsareclassifiedaccordingtocolor
Celadon,blackporcelain,whiteporcelain,threecommoncolorsofporcelain
Themostfamousofthepaintedporcelainandothercoloredporcelainare:
Tangsancai(tangsancaiisnotporcelain,islowtemperatureleadpottery),xinleburning,blueandwhiteporcelain,etc
TherearedifferentcategoriesaccordingtotheoriginofChina.Suchasthekiln(thesecretcolorporcelain),ChinazhejiangJiangXichangsouth,hebeiprovince,ChinaandJapaninthe10thcenturyafterturningtheshoulderdevelopmentcharacteristicofChina:
nearlyjiang,kogalettertoburn(shigarakiyaki),Nagasakihasfield(aritayaki),okayamaprefectureforburn(bizenyaki),etc.Inaddition,Europehasbeenmakingporcelainsincethe18thcentury.Today,Britain,France,Russia,Germanyandotherplaces,especiallytheUK,haveestablishedanumberofpremiumporcelainbrands.
[edit]history
Atthe2005aichiworldexpoinJapan,organizersused570,000piecesofporcelaintobeputtogether.ArchaeologicalevidenceshowsthattheearliestoriginofporcelainwasinChina.Atpresent,peoplewillexcavatetheglazedpotteryofkaolinfromtheshangdynastyofhenanprovince(aboutthe15thcenturytothe9thcentury)astheearliestknownporcelainintheworld.Chinadevelopedmorematureceladoninitseasternhandynasty.
Foralongtime,Chinawastheworld'slargestproducerandexporterofChina.Beforesongdynasty,high-gradeporcelainwasmainlyusedforthelifeoftheroyalfamily.Theporcelainporcelainofyuekiln,whichwasunearthedatthefamentempleinshaanxiprovince,China,wasthepeakofporcelainmakinginChinaforalongtime.Afterthenorthernsongdynasty,Chineseporcelainproductiontechnologycontinuedtorise,throughthemaritimesilkroadtoexportalotofporcelaintosoutheastAsia,SouthAsiaandEurope,northAfrica.BecomeoneofthemainrepresentativeproductsofChineseexport.
AgainstJapan,andceramicartbegantoappearintheheianperiod,combinedwiththedevelopingofJapaneseteaculture,constantlyinChinafamousorigin,hassixancientkilnandfarstatessevenkilnporcelainnameorigin.AndaboomintheeraofAnnsoilpeachmountainteaculture,manypeopleinteasuchasrikyuofsevenzheMuVillageministryofwar,thedepartmentoffieldandneo-ichinose,thoufarmlandweaving,jisancontentatthesametime,itisthefamousteaporcelainproducers.
[edit]derivativeculture
Thethreecolorsofpottery.ChinaandChina
ThereisaviewthatChina'sEnglish"China"isfromporcelain"China",andtheporcelainisoneofthemainproducingareasofancientChina.Buttheoppositeistrue.ChinaisaChinesewordforChina.ButitalsoshowstheinseparablerelationshipbetweenChinaandtraditionalChineseculture.
Nowadays,Englishcountriesusuallyrefertoceramicsas"porcelain"while"China"mainlyreferstofineporcelain,suchas"fineChina"and"boneChina".
Theteaceremony
JapanwillbeasymbolofJapanesecultureafteralongperiodofdevelopment.
PorcelainisthemoreadvancedtypeofteainJapaneseteaceremony.InthehistoryofJapaneseculture,thehauteteaisoftenplayedanimportantrole.ManyJapaneseteasetsareporcelain,andeventhe"siobobowl",whichispreservedinJapan,isaporcelainworkfromsouthernChinaitself.Promotedbyrulersandteaartists,theadvancedteasethasbecomeasymbolofwealthmorethanlandandgold.
[edit]other
Japanhassomeofitsporcelainproducts,mostofwhichusedtobeteawares:
Theteabowl(hiddeninJapan'sjingjiakanggallery)
Autumngrass,pot
Notwomountains
Chinaalsohasalargenumberofporcelainproductsthathavebeensoldatastronomicalprices,butsomeofthemarenotdomestic.
Multicolouredfishalgalprintcan
Ghostcerealisdownhill
Celadonisaporcelainwithagreenglazeonthesurface.Theformationofceladontones,mainlyinthefetalglaze,containsacertainamountofironoxide,whichisroastinginthereductionflameatmosphere.Butsomeceladonbecausecontainironisnotpure,restoreatmosphereisnotsufficient,tonalispresentyellowortan.
QinghuaisoneofthetechniquesinChineseporcelainmanufacturingtechnology.Theoriginalblueflowershavebeenseeninthetangandsongdynasties,andthehutiankilninjingdezhenyuandynastyhasemerged.Today,jingdezhenproducesthemostfamous.Historically,itisknownas"huiqing",whichbelongstotheexportporcelain.
Thespecificproductionmethodistopaintthebluepigmentintheplaincolorporcelain,andthenglazeonthesurfacewithnocolororlightcolor,thenthekilnisfired.Thefinishedbackgroundcolorispurewhiteorpowderywhite,thepatterncolorisgreenblack,deepblue;Thelateruseofcobaltoxide(Co3O4)wasbrightblue.Someblueandwhiteporcelainareinwhite,blueandwhite,andaredecoratedwithpowderorgold
Yuekilnwastheporcelainkilnofzhejiangprovinceinthetangdynastyandfivedynasties.Duringthesuidynastyandthetangdynasty,shaoxingwascalled"yuezhou",hencethename"yuekiln".Theporcelainfromthekilnwasfamousinthetangdynasty.Thetangdynastyluyuwrotein"theteabook","thebowl,thestateofyueisthetop.Itsporcelainjade,thekindofice."
Thesecretcolorporcelain
Inthelatetangdynastyandthefivedynasties,themostofthemostproductsofthekiln,qianfenggreenporcelainwasspeciallyusedastributes,andthesubjectswerenotallowedtouseit,soitwascalled"secretcolor".WhenthefivedynastiesfujiankingkingwhoseknowsentXuYingongsecretcolorporcelain,XuYinpoetry:
"gongyusecretcolorporcelain","tearcuimeltingqingruinewcolor,TaoChengXianGongWuJun;gougeopportunel
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