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外文
InformationSystemDevelopmentandDatabaseDevelopment
Inmanyorganizations,databasedevelopmentfromthebeginningofenterprisedatamodeling,datamodelingenterprisesdeterminethescopeofthedatabaseandthegeneralcontent.Thisstepusuallyoccursinanorganization'sinformationsystemplanningprocess,itaimstohelporganizationscreateanoveralldatadescriptionorexplanation,andnotthedesignofaspecificdatabase.Aspecificdatabaseforoneormoreinformationsystemsprovidedataandthecorporatedatamodel(whichmayinvolveanumberofdatabases)describedbytheorganizationmaintainingthescopeofthedata.Datamodelingintheenterprise,youreviewofthecurrentsystem,theneedtosupportanalysisofthenatureofthebusinessareas,theneedforfurtherdescriptionoftheabstractdata,andplanningoneormoredatabasedevelopmentproject.Figure1showsPineValleyfurniturecompany'senterprisedatamodelofapart.
1.1InformationSystemArchitecture
Asshowninfigure1,seniordatamodelisonlygeneralinformationsystemarchitecture(ISA)orapartofanorganization'sinformationsystemblueprint.Intheinformationsystemplanning,youcanbuildanenterprisedatamodelasawholeinformationsystemarchitecturepart.AccordingtoZachman(1987),SowaandZachman(1992)viewsofaninformationsystemarchitectureconsistsofthefollowingsixkeycomponents:
Data(Figure1shows,butthereareothermethodsthat).
Manipulationofdataprocessing(ofadataflowdiagramcanbeused,withtheobjectmodelmethods,orothersymbolsthat).
Networks,whichorganizationsandinorganizationswithitsmaintransmissionofdatabetweenbusinesspartners(itcanconnectthroughthenetworktopologymapandtodemonstrate).
Peoplewhodealwiththeimplementationofdataandinformationandisthesourceandreceiver(intheprocessmodelforthedatashowsthatthesenderandthereceiver).
Implementationoftheeventsandtimepoints(theycanusestatetransitiondiagramandothermeans.)
Thereasonsfortheincidentanddataprocessingrules(oftenintheformoftextdisplay,buttherearealsoanumberofchartsfortheplanningtoolssuchasdecisiontables).
1.2InformationEngineering
Informationsystemsplannersinaccordancewiththespecificinformationsystemplanningmethodsdevelopedinformationsystemarchitecture.Informationengineeringisapopularandformalmethods.Informationengineeringisadata-orientedcreationandmaintenanceoftheinformationsystem.Informationengineeringisbecausethedata-oriented,sowhenyoubegintounderstandhowthedatabaseisdefinedbythelogoandwheninformationengineeringaconciseexplanationisveryhelpful.InformationEngineeringfollowtop-downplanningapproach,inwhichspecificinformationsystemsfromawiderangeofinformationneedsintheunderstandingderivedfrom(forexample,weneedaboutcustomers,products,suppliers,salesandprocessingofthedatacenter),ratherthanmergingmanydetailedinformationrequested(orderssuchasascreenorinaccordancewiththeimportationofgeographicalsalessummaryreport).Top-downplanningwillenabledeveloperstoplanmorecomprehensiveinformationsystem,considersystemcomponentsprovideanintegratedapproachtoenhancetheinformationsystemandtherelationshipbetweenthebusinessobjectivesoftheunderstanding,deepentheirunderstandingofinformationsystemsthroughouttheorganizationinunderstandingtheimpact.
InformationEngineeringincludesfoursteps:
planning,analysis,designandimplementation.Theplanningstageofprojectinformationgeneratedinformationsystemarchitecture,includingenterprisedatamodel.
1.3InformationSystemPlanning
InformationsystemsplanningobjectiveistoenableITorganizationsandthebusinessstrategycloselyintegrated,suchintegrationfortheinformationsystemsandtechnologytomakethemostoftheinvestmentinterestisveryimportant.Asthetableasadescription,informationengineeringapproachtheplanningstageincludethreesteps,weinthefollow-upofthreesectionstheydiscussed.
1.Criticalfactorsdeterminingtheplanning
Planningisthekeyfactorthatorganizationalobjectives,criticalsuccessfactorsandproblemareas.Thesefactorsdeterminethepurposeoftheestablishmentofplanningandenvironmentplanningandinformationsystemslinkedtostrategicbusinessplanning.Table2showsthePineValleyfurniturecompany'skeyplanninganumberofpossiblefactors,thesefactorscontributetotheinformationsystemsmanagerforthenewinformationsystemsanddatabasesclubstopprioritytodealwiththedemand.Forexample,giventheimprecisesalesforecaststhisproblemareas,informationsystemsmanagersintheorganizationmaybestoredinthedatabaseadditionalhistoricalsalesdata,newmarketresearchdataandnewproducttestdata.
2.Theplanningorganizationssettargets
Organizationsplanningtargetsdefinedscopeofbusiness,andbusinessscopewilllimitthesubsequentanalysisandinformationsystemsmaychangeplaces.Fivekeyplanningtargetsasfollows:
●organizationalunitsinthevarioussectors.
●organizationslocationoftheplaceofbusinessoperations.
●functionsofthebusinesssupportorganizationshandlingmissionoftherelevantgroup.Unlikebusinessorganizationsfunctionmodules,infactafunctioncanbeassignedtovariousorganizationsmodules(forexample,productdevelopmentfunctionistheproductionandsaleofthecommonresponsibilityoftheMinistry).
●typesofentitiesmanagedbytheorganizationonthepeople,placesandthingsofthemajortypesofdata.
●InformationSystemdatasetprocessingsoftwareapplicationsandsupportprocedures.
3.Tosetupabusinessmodel
Acomprehensivebusinessmodelincludingthefunctionsofeachenterprisefunctionaldecompositionmodel,theenterprisedatamodelandthevariousplanningmatrix.Functionaldecompositionisthefunctionoftheorganizationforamoredetaileddecompositionprocess,thefunctionaldecompositionistosimplifytheanalysisoftheissue,distractedandidentifycomponentsandtheuseoftheclassicalapproach.PineValleyfurniturecompanyinordertofunctioninthefunctionaldecompositionexampleinfigure2below.Indealingwithbusinessfunctionsandsupportfunctionsofthefullset,multipledatabases,isessentialtoaspecificdatabasethereforelikelyonlytosupportfunctions(asshowninFigure2)provideasubsetofsupport.Inordertoreducedataredundancyandtomakedatamoremeaningful,hasacomplete,high-levelbusinessviewisveryhelpful.
Theuseofspecificenterprisedatamodeltodescribethesymbol.Apartfromthegraphicaldescriptionofthistypeofentity,acompleteenterprisedatamodelshouldalsoincludeadescriptionofeachentitytypedescriptionofbusinessoperationsandasummaryofthatbusinessrules.Businessrulesdeterminethevalidityofthedata.
Anenterprisedatamodelincludesnotonlythetypesofentities,includingthelinkbetweenthedataentities,aswellasvariousotherobjectsplanninglinks.Showedthatthelinkagebetweenplanningtargetsacommonformofmatrix.Becauseofplanningmatrixneednotbeexplicitmodelingdatabasecanbeclearlydescribedbusinessneeds,planningmatrixisanimportantfunction.Regularplanningmatrixderivedfromtheoperationalrules,itwillhelpsocialdevelopmentactivitiesthattopprioritywillbesortinganddevelopmentactivitiesunderthetop-downviewthroughanenterprise-wideapproachforthedevelopmentoftheseactivities.Therearemanytypesofplanningmatrixisavailable,theircommonalitiesare:
●locations-featuresshowbusinessfunctioninwhichtheimplementationofoperationallocations.
●unit-functionswhichshowedthatbusinessfunctionorbusinessunitresponsibleforimplementation.
●InformationSystem-dataentitiestoexplainhoweachinformationsysteminteractwitheachdataentity(forexample,whetherornoteachsystemineachentityhavethedatatocreate,retrieve,updateanddelete).
●supportfunctions-dataineachfunctionalentitiesinthedatasetfortheacquisition,use,updateanddelete.
●InformationSystem-targetindicationforeachinformationsystemtosupportbusinessobjectives.
Figure3illustrateapossiblefunctions-dataentitiesmatrix.Suchamatrixcanbeusedforavarietyofpurposes,includingthefollowingthreeobjectives:
1)identifygapsinthedataentitiestoindicatethetypesofentitiesnotuseanyfunctionorfunctionswhichdonotuseanyentity.
2)foundthatthelossofeachfunctionalentitiesinvolvedintheinspectionstaffthroughthematrixtoidentifyanypossiblelossoftheentity.
3)Thedistinctionbetweendevelopmentactivitiesiftheprioritytothetopofasystemdevelopmentfunctionforahigh-priority(probablybecauseitimportantorganizationalobjectivesrelated),thenthisareausedbyentitiesinthedevelopmentofthedatabasehasahighpriority.
Hoffer,GeorgeandValacich(2002)aretheworksofthematrixonhowtousetheplanningandcompletionoftheInformationEngineering
Theplanningsystemmorecompletedescription.
2databasedevelopmentprocess
Basedoninformationengineeringinformationsystemsplanningdatabaseisasourceofdevelopmentprojects.Thesenewdatabasedevelopmentprojectsisusuallyinordertomeetthestrategicneedsoforganizations,suchasimprovingcustomersupport,improveproductandinventorymanagement,oramoreaccuratesalesforecast.However,manymoredatabasedevelopmentprojectisthebottom-upapproachemerging,suchasinformationsystemuserneedsspecificinformationtocompletetheirwork,thusbeginningaprojectrequest,
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