厦门大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解.docx
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厦门大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解.docx
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厦门大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
厦门大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解
PartIReadingComprehension(40points)
PartA(20points)
Directions:
Therearetworeadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.
PassageOne
Itseemedtome,andstilldoes,thatthesystemofAmericanbusinessoftenproduceswrong,immoralandirresponsibledecisions,eventhoughthepersonalmoralityofthepeoplerunningthebusinessesisoftenabovereproach.Thesystemhasadifferentmoralityasagroupthanthepeopledoasindividuals,whichpermitsittowillfullyproduceineffectiveordangerousproducts,dealdictatoriallyandoftenunfairlywithsuppliers,paybribesforbusiness,abrogatetherightsofemployeesbydemandingblindloyaltytomanagementortamperwiththedemocraticprocessofgovernmentthroughillegalpoliticalcontributions.
Iamnotapsychologist,soIcan'tofferaprofessionalopiniononwhathappenstothefreedomofindividualmindswhentheyareblendedintothegroupmanagementthroughprocessofbusiness.Butmyprivateanalysisisthis:
moralityhastodowithpeople.Ifanactionisviewedprimarilyfromtheperspectiveofitseffectonpeople,itisputintothemoralrealm.
BusinessinAmerica,however,isimpersonal.ThisisparticularlytrueoflargeAmericanmulti-nationalcorporations.Theyareviewedbytheiremployeesandpublicsasfaceless.Theyhavenopersonality.Theultimatemeasureofsuccessandfailureofthesebusinessesisnottheireffectonpeoplebutrathertheirearningspershareofstock.Ifearningsarehigh,thebusinessisconsideredgood.Iftheyareloworintheredink,itisconsideredafailure.Thefirstquestiontogreetanybusinessproposalishowwillitaffectprofits?
Peopledonotentertheequationofabusinessdecisionsexcepttotheextentthattheeffectonthemwillhurtorenhanceearningspershare.Insuchacompletelyimpersonalcontext,businessdecisionsofquestionablepersonalmoralityareeasilyjustified.Theunwaveringdevotiontothebottomlinebringsthisabout,andtheAmericanpublicuntilnowhasbeenmorethanwillingtoacceptthis.Whensomeoneisforcedintoearlyretirementinamanagementpower-playorsupplierischeatedoutofsalebyunder-the-tabledealings,thepublicreactionisgenerally,“Oh,well.That'sbusiness.”Andmanagement'sreactionisoften,“it'swhat'sonthebottomlinethatcounts.”Apersonwhoshootsandkillsanotherissentencedtolifeinprison.Abusinessmanwhomakesadefectiveproductwhichkillspeoplemaygetanominalfineoraverbalslaponthehands,ifheiseverbroughttotrialatall.
1.Intheauthor'sview,ifanAmericanbusinessmakesanimmoraldecisionasagroup,themanagingindividuals______.
A.maybeexcusedfromtrial
B.areoftenabovereproach
C.maydifferininterpretingmorality
D.shouldnotescaperesponsibility
2.WhatAmericanbusinessoftendotothegovernmentisto______.
A.influenceitsadministration
B.contributetowardsgovernmentdemocracy
C.actinthegovernment'sname
D.collaboratewithgovernmentforthebottomline
3.Fromthepassagewemaywellunderstandthattheauthor______.
A.appealsrelentlesslytothelawcourtforjustice
B.findspersonalmoralitysometimesquestionable
C.knowsmuchaboutimmoraldealingsofAmericanbusinesses
D.regardsprofit-makingasabusiness'sprimarygoal
4.Thepublicattitudetowardsimmoralbusinessdecisionsisgenerally______.
A.tolerantB.indignantC.indifferentD.supportive
5.“Averbalslaponthehands”inthelastsentencemaybeinterpretedas______.
A.punishmentdonephysicallybutmildly
B.punishmentcardedoutwithoutdelay
C.nopunishmentinfact
D.acontradictiontothelaw
PassageTwo
TheofficiallogooftheInformationAwarenessOffice,thePentagon'ssecretivenewterrorist-detectionexperiment,isn'tsubtle.Apictureoftheglobe,underthewatchfulgazeofthatspookypyramidonthedollarbill,theonewiththeall-seeingeyeofGodatthetopunderliningthat,theproject'smotto:
SCIENTIAESTPOTENTIA(knowledgeispower).
Allinall,notabaddescriptionoftheoffice'slofty—andcontroversial—ambition.QuietlycreatedaftertheSeptember11attacks,theoffice'sTotalInformationAwarenessprojectaimstoenablefederalinvestigatorstoengageinakindofsuper“datamining”—inventingsoftwaretotrawthroughcommercialandgovernmentcomputerdatabasesinsearchofsuspiciouspatternsthatmightindicateterrorplans.
The9·11hijackers,forinstance,enrolledinflightschools,rentedapartments,usedcreditcardsandboughtairlinetogether.Thedetailsofallthesetransactionswereroutinelystoredinvariouscompanies'computers.TheFedsarguethatiftheyhadhadtheabilitytoscanthecomputersthatloggedtheterrorists'movementsandpurchases,theymighthavebeenabletoconnectthedotsbetweenthemen.
Yetfromthedaytheresearchprogramwaslaunchedatthestartoftheyear,ithasbeenthetargetofintensesuspicion,frombothrightandleft.Inordertoidentifypossiblyconspiratorialbehaviorbyafewindividuals,thecomputerswouldhavetosiftthroughthepersonalinformationofmillionsofinnocentpeople—withouttheirknowledgeorconsent.Potentially,thegovernmentcouldkeeptrackofwhatyoubuy,whomyoucall,whereyoutravel—justbytappingintothefilesthatvariousbusinessesalreadykeeponyou.Advocatesinsistsafeguardswillbebuiltintoanysearchsystem,butcriticsarenotreassured.“Putthepiecestogether,andyoucouldbuildacapabilitytotrackthecity-to-citymovementsofanycitizen,”saystheACLU'sKatieCorrigan.
Theproject'sPRhasn'tbeenhelpedbythefactthatitsleaderisretiredNavyAdm.JohnPoindexter,bestknownforhispartintheIran-contraaffair.PoindexterwasconvictedoflyingtoCongressabouttheReaganadministration'splantodivertprofitsfromIranianarmssalestofundtheNicaraguanrebels.Hisconvictionwaslateroverturned,butthatdoesn'tmollifythoseworriedabouthisreturntopoweratthehelmofsuchasweepingprogram.
DefenseSecretaryDonaldRumsfeldbrusquelywavedoffthecriticism.“Iwouldrecommendpeopletakeanicedeepbreath,”hesaid.“Nothingterribleisgoingtohappen.”ButonCapitolHillDemocratsandsomeRepublicans—includingretiringHouseMajorityLeaderDickArmey—areconcernedthattheprojectispartofawiderWhiteHousestrategytoerodecivillibertiesinpursuitofsecurity.(Acourtrecentlygrantedthegovernmentexpandedsurveillancepowers.)Theyareespeciallyirritatedthattheyknewnothingaboutthe$10millionexperiment,sincethePentagonquietlyburieditunder“technologydevelopment”intheDefensebill.Nowthey'redemandinggreaterscrutiny.DemocraticSen.DianneFeinsteinsaysshewantstofreezetheprogram'sfundinguntilCongresscanholdhearings.Poindextermaynotbeabletoignoretherumblings.“Heforgotthequestionyoualwaysask,”saysonePentagonofficial,“Howwouldthislookonthefrontpagetomorrow?
”
6.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheTotalInformationAwarenessprojectisNOTmentionedinthepassage?
A.TheprojectenabletheFedstoidentifyeveryterrorplan.
B.TheprojectwascreatedaftertheSeptember11attacks.
C.Theprojecthasbeenthetargetofintensesuspicion.
D.TheprojectisheadedbyIran-contra'sPoindexter.
7.Whichofthefollowingmayreplacethephrase“trawlthrough”(Line4,Para.2)?
A.Keeptrackof.B.Siftthrough.C.Storein.D.Sapinto.
8.What'sthepurposeofthispassage?
A.Tointroducethemainpurposeoftheprojecttothereaders.
B.Toexpresstheauthor'soppositiontotheproject.
C.Toappealtothepublictofightagainsttheproject.
D.Toinformthereadersofthecontroversyovertheproject.
9.WhyareDemocratsandsomeRepublicansconcernedthattheprojectwillerodecivilliberties?
A.BecausepeopleworryaboutPoindexter'sreturntopoweratthehelmofsuchaprogram.
B.BecausepeoplewouldnotknoworagreewhentheFedstrawlthroughtheirinformation.
C.Becausepeopleknownothingaboutthe$10millionexperimentoftheInformationAwarenessoffice.
D.Becausepeopleargueiftheycanscanthecomputersthatloggedtheterrorists'movement.
10.Whichofthefollowingmaysummarizethemainideaofthispassage?
A.Iran-contra'sPoindexterheadsthePentagon'snewterrorist-alertprogram.
B.ThePentagonplanstoeyeballAmerica'sdatabases.
C.ThePentagon'snewterrorist-detectionprojectisdrawingfire.
D.WhiteHouseisgoingtoerodecivilliberties.
PartB(20points)
Asbestos(石棉)istilegenericnameforanumberofnaturallyoccurringfibrousmineralsilicatesofwhichthemostcommontypesarecrocidolite,alsoknownasblueasbestos,andchrysotile(whiteasbestos).
Employedforatleast2000years,itisvaluedbyindustrybecauseofitstensilestrengthandflexibility,anditsresistancetoacids,heatandfriction.Asbestoshashadaverywidevarietyofapplications.Ithasbeencommonlyemployedinthebuildingindustryasafireproofingagentandasastrengthener.Themetalframesofbuildingsweresprayedwithanasbestossolutiontopreventthespreadoffires,whileasbestoswasroutinelymixedinwithcementtoprovidegreaterresistancetoweatheringagents.Itisalsousedinmotor-vehiclebrakelinings,gas-maskfilters,certaintypesoftalcumpowder,fire-resistantclothing,corrugated-ironroofingandinwaterandairpipes.Asaresultofsuchwideemployment,itislikelythatmostpeoplehavebeenexposedtoatleastasmallquantityofasbestosfibers.
Duringinh
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