Architecture Englishfor student.docx
- 文档编号:29724516
- 上传时间:2023-07-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:33
- 大小:44KB
Architecture Englishfor student.docx
《Architecture Englishfor student.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Architecture Englishfor student.docx(33页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
ArchitectureEnglishforstudent
Text1WhataBuildingIs
Abuildingdoesnotexpressitsmeaninginthesamewayasapictureorasculpture,becauseitisbynaturemuchmorecomplex.Itdemandsaprioreffortofanalysis.Inthefirstplace,weneverseeabuildinginitstotality;wecanneverobtainmorethanpartialviewsbothoftheexteriorandinterior,withtheresultthatwearealwaysobligedtorelatewhatwecanseetowhatwecannotseetoformaclearpictureofthewhole.Itisimpossiblesimplytoindulgethepleasureoftheeye:
onehastothinkaswellaslook.Tohelpusinthisintellectualexercisewehaveanimportanttooltohand,theplan,whichinformussimultaneouslyaboutexteriorandinterior,thewholeandthepart.Togetherwiththecrosssection,whichrevealsthestructure,itgivesinabstractformacompositeimageofthebuildingwhichphotographs-inwhatevernumber-couldnevergive.Itisthereforenecessary,beforeanythingelse,tolearntoreadaplanandtofamiliarizeoneselfinageneralwaywiththevariousmeansofgraphicexpressionusedinarchitecture(crosssection,elevation,axonometricplan).
Thetransformationstowhichbuildingsaresubjectconstituteaseconddifficulty.Veryoftenwecannolongerseetodaywhatthebuilderswouldhavewished:
projectsareabandonedormodifiedbeforecompletion,partsthatwerecompletearedemolished,others,addedlater,areofadifferentcharacter.Time,itistrue,altersallworksofart,butitseffectonarchitectureismorenoticeablebecausetheconstructionofamajorbuildingtakesalongtime,andbecausebuildings---alwaysintendforuse-mustbeadaptedtothechangingneedsofmen.Weshouldnot,therefore,lookatabuildingcompletedatonestretchandstillmoreorlessintact,suchasSalisburyCathedral,inthesamewayasweregardanincompletechateau,suchasBrissac,orabuildingthathasbeencontinuouslyaltered,suchasVersailles.Inthefirstunusualcase,weareimmediatelyinapositiontoappreciatetheworkofthebuilders;inthesecond,wehavetoimaginewhatwasintended;andin
thethirdcase,wehavetodiscoverthesuccessivestagesofbuildingtointerpretcorrectlywhatwesee,andnotattributetotheintentionofasinglearchitectwhatwastheproductofseveralbuildingcampaigns.
Finally,itshouldneverbeforgottenthateventhemostmagnificentbuildingswereneverintendedsimplyasworksofart,andthattheyareincomprehensibleifoneisunawareoftheirpurpose,whetherutilitarianorsymbolic.Theparticularformsofreligiousbuildings,housesandpalaces,arealwaysareflectionofthedemandsofreligiouscult,ofeverydaylife,oroftheexerciseofpowerinanygivensociety.Lessindependentthanotherartists,thearchitectexerciseshispowersofinventionwithinaframeworkstrictlydefinedbythesocietytowhichhebelongsandtheindividualstowhomheoweseachcommission.Suchconstraints,compellingtoadegreedependentontheparticularageandsociallevel(theGreektemple,theurbandwelling,arehighlystandardizedtypes),imposelimitsoninvention,butalsoconferonarchitectureanimportantsocialsignificance:
buildingsareauniqueembodiment,themostdurable,themostmanifest---oftheneedsanddreamofmen.
Wetakeaninterestinabuildingtothedegreetowhichweseeinit‘effects’ofvolume,space,rhythmandcolourthatpleaseus.Incertaincases---anurbandwellingorruralarchitecture,forexample---theseeffectsareverysimpleandresultaboveallfromharmonybetweenabuildinganditsenvironment.Inothercases---themostinteresting---theseeffectsareextremelycomplexandcanbeattributedtooneormorecreativeindividualswhohavedeliberatelycontrivedthem.Betweenthesetwoextremes-architecturewithoutarchitectsandthearchitectureofgreatmasters---therearenumerousdegree,butitwouldbepointlesstodistinguishthem.Itismoreworthwhiletoidentifythevariousmeansofexpressionavailabletoarchitecture:
oneinthiswaycanweenrichourperceptionofthebuildingsweencounter.
Thisperceptionshouldnotbeequatedwithaestheticappreciation,butitisnecessaryprecondition.Withoutit,spontaneousjudgments
whichappeartobeexpressionsofpersonalopiniondonomorethanrepeatpreconceivedideas---onthe‘bareness’oftheRomanesque,the‘excesses’oftheBaroque,the‘frigidity’ofclassicalchurches….Thuswecouldnotrecommendtothereadertoostronglytoforgetsuchprejudicesandtolookwithafresheyeandopenmindinordertoappreciatetheobjectivespeculiartoeachstyle.
Alltheseobservationsleadtothesameconclusion:
aworkofarchitectureistoocomplextobeunderstoodatfirstglance;onehassimultaneouslytobeawareofallitselements,toimagineitssuccessivestates(includingthosethatwerenevercompleted),andtoknowwhatitsignifiedtothosewhobuiltit.Thisinitialanalysismustprecedeaestheticappreciation.Itenablesonetoformaclearpictureofthebuildingandtodifferentiatebetweenwhatisduetoconstraints(structuralnecessity,existingbuildings,stylisticconventions,demandsoftheclient),andwhatistheproductofpurelyartisticcreation,theplayofforms.
Text2BuildingCode
Therearelawsthatgovernwherebuildingsareplacedandtomakesurethattheyaremadestrongandsafe.Lawsallowsometypesofbuildingstobebuiltonlyincertainareas.Thisisdonesothatnoise,pollution,andtrafficonstreetswillnotruintheareaswherepeoplehavetheirhomes.Theselawsarecalledbuildingcodes.Abuildingcodeisasetofdetailedregulationstoensurethatallthebuildingsmeetcertainminimumstandardsofhealthandsafety.Buildingcodeshavebeencarriedouttoprotectcitizensfromanyharmlikelytocometothembecauseofunhealthyandunsafeconditions.
Buildingcodestellhowfarapartbuildingsmustbeandthetypesofmaterialsthatmustbeusedinconstruction.Suchcodesaregenerallypassedtoprotectpeople.Forexample,ifahouseweretocatchfire,
otherhousesshouldbespacedfarenoughaway,towhichthefirewillnotspread.Bymovingthehousebackfromthestreetsomedistanceandkeepingitapartfromotherhouses,fireiskeptfromspreadingandfireequipmentcangettothehousethatisonfire.
Buildingcodesalsohelpdetailwhattypesofconstructionmaterialsmaybeusedinabuilding.Suchcontrolsonbuildingmaterialshelpkeepbuildingsfromfallingdownunderheavyloads.Buildingcodesprotectownersfromdishonestbuilders.Theyhelpthosebuyingthebuildingstoknowtheymeetcertainstandards.Codesalsohelpthemfinanceahome.
Theplanforallnewconstructionmustbeapprovedbyofficialsofthebuildingsdepartmentbeforetheconstructionbegins.Thesesomeofficialsshouldhavetherightofenteringpropertyatalltimes.Theymustbeabletoinspectalltheequipments,materials,andworkmanshipbeforethebuildingisapprovedforoccupancy.Iftheequipments,materials,andworkmanshipdonotmeetthestandardsofthebuildingcode,theofficialshavetherighttoceasetheconstructionuntilthenecessarychangesaremade.
Occasionally,theownerofahousemightwanttomakeabasicalternationinelectrical,heating,orplumbingsystems.Hemayalsotodosomebasicchangesinthestructure.Inthiscase,theofficialsofthebuildingdepartmentmustapprovethealterationsbeforehand.Afterthealterationshavebeenfinished,theofficialsmustonceagaincheckthematerialsandworkmanship.
Originally,buildingcodeswereofthespecificationstype.Theyrequired,thatalltheconstructionsbecompletedwithspecifiedmaterialsinaspecifiedway.Thebuilderorthecontractorhasverylittlechoiceinthematerialsorthemethodsofconstruction.Hereisacuriousexampleofhowthisspecification-typebuildingcodehasinfluencedbuildingstyleinNewYorkcity.Therequirementwasthattherooftopwater-storagetanksbeconstructedofwoodstave.Asaresult,anyonewhohaseverlookeddownfromaskyscraperhasbeensurprisedbythe
sightofinnumerablewoodenwatertankswithconicalroofsstandingonthetopofallsteelandconcrete.
Specification-typebuildingcodeswereprobablyanecessityatthattime.Builderstriedtogetbyusingthecheapestmaterialstheycouldbuy.Theyalsoassembledinthemostcarelessmanner.Buttimechanged,andnewmaterialsweredeveloped.SinceWorldWarⅡ,therehasbeensignificantchangetowardbuildingcodesoftheperformance-type.Inthistypeofcode,theperformancestandardsofmaterialsorstructureareoutlined.Thebuilderisfreetoselectmaterialsorbuildingtechniquesthatwillmeetthesestandards.
Forinstance,aspecification-typecodeforahousesewerwillsimplyspecifythatcast-ironpipeofacertainqualityandsizebeused.Itwillalsospecifythatthepipebeinstalledinaspecifiedmanner.Theplumbingcontractorhasnochoiceandnosayinthematteratall.Butinaperformance-typebuildingcode,however,thecodewillspecifythatthepipingnotbeaffectedbyanycorrosiveofharmfulsubstancesinthesewageorinthesoilinwhichthepipeisburied.Thecodewillalsorequirethatthepipemeetcertainminimumstrengthrequirements.Inaddition,thecodewillspecifythatthepipenotbeaffectedbytemperaturechangeswithinaspecifiedrange.Theplumbingcontractorisfreetouseplasticpipe,cast-ironpipe,orgoldpipeifhewantsto,aslongashecanshowthatthepipedoesinfactmeetthespecifiedstandards.
Text3StructuralSystems
Structurescanbedividedintotwobasicsystems,onethatstandsandsupportsitsloadontheprincipleofcompressivestrengthandtheotherthatachievesthesameresultusingtensile
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Architecture English for student