学术造假相关英语.docx
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学术造假相关英语.docx
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学术造假相关英语
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WatchingoutfortheAcademicCounterfeitsintheAcademicPeriodicals
警惕学术期刊中的学术造假
Reflectiononrestrainingacademiccheatinginuniversities
遏制高校学术造假行为之思考
AnalysisonFakeAcademicResearchandSolution
学术造假的博弈分析及治理对策
FakeacademicresearchshouldbeforbiddenbecauseitdoesgreatharmtothesocietybydamagingthepurityandmotivationintheacademiccircleandhinderingChineseacademyfrommakingprogressandjointingwithoutsideworld.
学术造假行为的蔓延,损害了学术的纯洁性和原创性,阻碍了我国学术水平的提高和与国际学术界接轨的进程,危害了社会和他人,有必要加以治理。
Academicdishonesty
Academicdishonestyoracademicmisconductisanytypeofthatoccursinrelationtoaformalexercise.Itcaninclude
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Theadoptionorreproductionofideasorwordsorstatementsofanotherpersonwithoutdueacknowledgment.
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Thefalsificationofdata,information,orinanyformalacademicexercise.
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Providingfalseinformationtoaninstructorconcerningaformalacademicexercise—.,givingafalseexcuseformissingadeadlineorfalselyclaimingtohavesubmittedwork.
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Anyattempttogiveorobtainassistanceinaformalacademicexercise(likean)withoutdueacknowledgment.
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Actingtopreventothersfromcompletingtheirwork.Thisincludescuttingpagesoutoflibrarybooksorwillfullydisruptingtheexperimentsofothers.
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acts,suchas,thataresubjective,academicallyfraudulent,andevenandequatetoacademicfraud.
Academicdishonestyhasbeendocumentedinmosteverytypeofeducationalsetting,fromto,andhasbeenmetwithvaryingdegreesofapprobationthroughouthistory.Today,educatedsocietytendstotakeaverynegativeviewofacademicdishonesty.
Academicdishonestytoday
Academicdishonestyisendemicinalllevelsofeducation.IntheUnitedStates,studiesshowthat20%ofstudentsstartedcheatinginthefirstgradeSimilarly,otherstudiesrevealthatcurrentlyinthe.,56%ofstudentsand70%ofstudentshavecheated.
Studentsarenottheonlyonestocheatinanacademicsetting.AstudyamongNorthCarolinaschoolteachersfoundthatsome35percentofrespondentssaidtheyhadwitnessedtheircolleaguescheatinginoneformoranother.Theriseofandtheconsequencesoftheresultsontheteacheriscitedasareasonwhyateachermightwanttoinflatetheresultsoftheirstudents.
Thefirstscholarlystudiesinthe1960sofacademicdishonestyinfoundthatnationallyintheU.S.,somewherebetween50%-70%ofcollegestudentshadcheatedatleastonce.Whilenationally,theseratesofcheatingintheU.S.remainstabletoday,therearelargedisparitiesbetweendifferentschools,dependingonthesize,selectivity,andanti-cheatingpoliciesoftheschool.Generally,thesmallerandmoreselectivethecollege,thelesscheatingoccursthere.Forinstance,thenumberofstudentswhohaveengagedinacademicdishonestyatsmallelitecanbeaslowas15%-20%,whilecheatingatlargecanbeashighas75%.Moreover,researchershavefoundthatstudentswhoattendaschoolwithanarelesslikelytocheatthanstudentsatschoolswithotherwaysofenforcingacademicintegrity.Asforgraduateeducation,arecentstudyfoundthat56%ofMBAstudentsadmittedcheating,alongwith54%ofgraduatestudentsinengineering,48%ineducation,and45%inlaw.
Whileresearchonacademicdishonestyinothercountriesisminimal,anecdotalevidencesuggestscheatingcouldbeevenmorecommonincountrieslikeJapan.
Types
[]Plagiarism
Mainarticle:
Plagiarismistheadoptionorreproductionoftheideasorwordsorstatementsofanotherpersonwithoutdueacknowledgment.Thiscanrangefromborrowingwithoutaparticularlyaptphrase,toparaphrasingsomeoneelse'soriginalideawithoutcitation,towholesale.Whenplagiarizing,studentswilloftenturntothe,duetotheeaseoffromwebsites.Othermoreoldfashionedformsofplagiarismsuchasandpassingoffobscurearticlesorchaptersofbooksofothersasoriginalworkalsostilloccur.Plagiarizedpapersareoftenriddledwithgrossinconsistenciessuchasreferencingnon-existentsectionsoftheessay,changesinspellingandgrammarcustoms,ortheargumentchanginginmid-paragraph.
[]Fabrication
Fabricationisthefalsificationofdata,information,orcitationsinanyformalacademicexercise.Thisincludesmakingupcitationstobackupargumentsorinventingquotations.Fabricationpredominatesinthenaturalsciences,wherestudentssometimesfudgenumberstomakeexperiments"work".Itincludesdatafalsification,inwhichfalseclaimsaremadeaboutresearchperformed,includingselectivesubmittingofresultstoexcludeinconvenientdatatogeneratingbogusdata.
Bibliographicalreferencesareoftenfabricated,especiallywhenacertainminimumnumberofreferencesisrequiredorconsideredsufficientfortheparticularkindofpaper.Thistypeoffabricationcanrangefromreferringtoworkswhosetitleslookrelevantbutwhichthestudentdidnotread,tomakingupbogustitlesandauthors.
Thereisalsothepracticeofdry-labbing—whichcanoccurinorotherlabcourses,inwhichtheteacherclearlyexpectstheexperimenttoyieldcertainresults(whichconfirmestablishedlaws),sothestudentstartsfromtheresultsandworksbackward,calculatingwhattheexperimentaldatashouldbe,oftenaddingvariationtothedata.Insomecases,thelabreportiswrittenbeforetheexperimentisconducted—insomecases,theexperimentisnevercarriedout.Ineithercase,theresultsarewhattheinstructorexpects.[]
[]Deception
Deceptionisprovidingfalseinformationtoateacher/instructorconcerningaformalacademicexercise.Examplesofthisincludetakingmoretimeonatake-hometestthanisallowed,givingadishonestexcusewhenaskingforadeadlineextension,orfalselyclaimingtohavesubmittedwork.Thistypeofacademicmisconductisoftenconsideredsofterthanthemoreobviousformsofcheating,andotherwise-honeststudentssometimesengageinthistypeofdishonestywithoutconsideringthemselvescheaters.Itisalsosometimesdonebystudentswhohavefailedtocompleteanassignment,toavoidresponsibilityfordoingso.
[]Sabotage
Sabotageiswhenastudentpreventsothersfromcompletingtheirwork.Thisincludescuttingpagesoutoflibrarybooksorwillfullydisruptingtheexperimentsofothers.Sabotageisusuallyonlyfoundinhighly,cutthroatenvironments,suchasatextremelyeliteschoolswhereclassrankingsarehighlyprized.
Somemedical-schoollibrarianshavenotedthatimportantarticles—requiredreadingforkeycourses—arefrequentlymissingfromboundjournals—slicedoutwithrazorblades,scalpels,orothersharpblades.Otherjournalswillbemarkedupincrayon.[
Cheating
Theuseofduringanexaminationistypicallyviewedascheating
Furtherinformation:
Cheatingcantaketheformof,lookingoversomeone'sshoulderduringanexam,oranyforbiddensharingofinformationbetweenstudentsregardinganexamorexercise.Manyelaboratemethodsofcheatinghavebeendevelopedovertheyears.Forinstance,studentshavebeendocumentedhidingnotesinthebathroomtoilettank,inthebrimsoftheirbaseballcaps,oruptheirsleeves.Also,thestoringofinformationingraphingcalculators,pagers,cellphones,andotherelectronicdeviceshascroppedupsincetheinformationrevolutionbegan.Whilestudentshavelongsurreptitiouslyscannedthetestsofthoseseatednearthem,somestudentsactivelytrytoaidthosewhoaretryingtocheat.Methodsofsecretlysignalingtherightanswertofriendsarequitevaried,rangingfromcodedsneezesorpenciltappingtohigh-pitchednoisesbeyondthehearingrangeofmostteachers.Somestudentshavebeenknowntousemoreelaboratemeans,suchasusingasystemofrepetitivebodysignalslikehandmovementsorfootjerkingtodistributeanswers.whereatapofthefootcouldcorrespondtoanswer"A",twotapsforanswer"B",andsoon).
Cheatingdiffersfrommostotherformsofacademicdishonesty,inthatpeoplecanengageinitwithoutbenefitingthemselvesacademicallyatall.Forexample,astudentwhoillicitlyanswerstoafriendduringatestwouldbecheating,eventhoughthestudent'sownworkisinnowayaffected.Anotherexampleofacademicdishonestyisadialoguebetweenstudentsinthesameclassbutintwodifferenttimeperiods,bothofwhichatestisscheduledforthatday.Ifthestudentintheearliertimeperiodinformstheotherstudentinthelaterperiodaboutthetest;thatisconsideredacademicdishonesty,eventhoughthefirststudenthasnotbenefittedhimself.Thisformofcheating—thoughdeprecated—couldconceivablybecalled.
[]Professorialmisconduct
Therearemanyexamplesofthroughouthistoryofdocumentedprofessorialmisconduct.
Inearly2006,'sBruinStandardnewspaperdocumentedprofessorialmisconductconsistingofacademicpropaganda.MaryCorey,UCLAhistoryprofessor,instructedherclass,"Capitalismisn'talieonpurpose.It'sjustalie,"shecontinued,"(Capitalists)areswine....They'rebastardpeople."Inanotherinstance,professorAndrewHewitt,chairmanofUCLA'sDepartmentofGermanicLanguages,instructedhisclass,"Bushisamoron,asimpletonandanidiot.",andthat"Americanconsumerismisaveryuniquething;Idon'tthinkanyoneelselustsaftermoneyinsuchagreedyfashion."AnotherexampleconsistsofRodSwanson,aneconomicsprofessoratUCLA,whotoldhisclass,"TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,backedbyfacts,isthegreediestandmostselfishcountryintheworld."
TheBruinAlumniAssociationcausedquiteastirwhenitofferedtopaystudentsforrecordingsofclassroomproselytizing.TheUCLAadministrationthreatenedlegalactionagainstthegroup.SomeprofessorslabeledtheBruinAlumniAssociation'sa
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