手机火车汉字发展史英文版.docx
- 文档编号:29687927
- 上传时间:2023-07-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:11
- 大小:24.24KB
手机火车汉字发展史英文版.docx
《手机火车汉字发展史英文版.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《手机火车汉字发展史英文版.docx(11页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
手机火车汉字发展史英文版
手机火车汉字发展史英文版
手机发展史英文版
Thehistoryofmobilephonesbeginswithearlyeffortstodevelopradiotelephonetechnologyandfromtwo-wayradiosinvehiclesandcontinuesthroughemergeneeofmodernmobilephonesandassociatedservices.
/Radiophoneshavealongandvariedhistorygoingbackto
ReginaldFessenden'sinventionandshore-to-ship
demonstrationofradiotelephony,throughtheSecondWorldWarwithmilitaryuseofradiotelephonylinksandcivilservices
inthe1950s,whilehand-heldmobileradiodeviceshavebeenavailablesince1973.Mobilephonehistoryisoftendividedintogenerations(first,second,thirdandsoon)tomarksignificantstepchangesincapabilitiesasthetechnologyimprovedovertheyears.
Contents[hide]
1Pioneersofradiotelephony
2Emergeneeofcommercialmobilephoneservices
3Firstgeneration:
Cellularnetworks
4Secondgeneration:
Digitalnetworks
5Thirdgeneration:
HighspeedIPdatanetworks
6Growthofmobilebroadbandandtheemergeneeof4G
7Patents
8Seealso
9Notes
10References
11Externallinks
[edit]Pioneersofradiotelephony
/In1908,.Patent887,357forawirelesstelephonewas\
issuedtoNathanB.StubblefieldofMurray,Kentucky.Heappliedthispatentto"caveradio"telephonesandnotdirectlytocellulartelephonyasthetermiscurrentlyunderstood.[1]
In1910LarsMagnusEricssoninstalledatelephoneinhiscar,althoughthiswasnotaradiotelephone.Whiletravellingacrossthecountry,hewouldstopataplacewheretelephonelineswereaccessibleandusingapairoflongelectricwireshecouldconnecttothenationaltelephonenetwork.[2]
InEurope,radiotelephonywasfirstusedonthe
first-classpassengertrainsbetweenBerlinandHamburgin1926.
Atthesametime,radiotelephonywasintroducedonpassengerairplanesforairtrafficsecurity.LaterradiotelephonywasintroducedonalargescaleinGermantanksduringtheSecondWorldWar.AfterthewarGermanpoliceintheBritishzoneofoccupationfirstuseddisusedtanktelephonyequipmenttorun
thefirstradiopatrolcars.[citationneeded]Inallofthesecasestheservicewasconfinedtospecialiststhatweretrainedtousetheequipment.Intheearly1950sshipsontheRhinewereamongthefirsttouseradiotelephonywithanuntrainedendcustomerasauser.
Two-wayradios(knownasmobilerigs)wereusedinvehiclessuchastaxicabs,policecruisers,andambulances,butwerenotmobilephonesbecausetheywerenotnormallyconnectedtothetelephonenetwork.Userscouldnotdialphonenumbersfromtheirvehicles.Alargecommunityofmobileradiousers,knownasthemobileers,popularizedthetechnologythatwouldeventuallygivewaytothemobilephone.Originally,mobiletwo-wayradioswerepermanentlyinstalledinvehicles,butlaterversionssuchastheso-calledtransportablesor"bagphones"wereequippedwithacigarettelighterplugsothattheycouldalsobecarried,andthuscouldbeusedaseithermobileorasportabletwo-wayradios.Duringtheearly1940s,Motoroladevelopedabackpackedtwo-wayradio,theWalkie-Talkieandlaterdevelopedalargehand-heldtwo-wayradiofortheUSmilitary.Thisbatterypowered"Handie-Talkie"(HT)wasabout
thesizeofaman'sforearm.
In1946sovietengineersG.ShapiroandI.Zaharchenkosuccessfullytestedtheirversionofaradiomobilephonemountedinsideacar.Thedevicecouldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkwitharangeofupto20kilometers.
TopofcellulartelephonetowerInDecember1947,Douglas
H.RingandW.RaeYoung,BellLabsengineers,proposedhexagonalcellsformobilephonesinvehicles.[3]PhilipT.
Porter,alsoofBellLabs,proposedthatthecelltowersbeatthecornersofthehexagonsratherthanthecentersandhavedirectionalantennasthatwouldtransmit/receiveinthreedirections(seepictureatright)intothreeadjacenthexagoncells.[4]Thetechnologydidnotexistthenandthefrequencies
hadnotyetbeenallocated.Cellulartechnologywasundevelopeduntilthe1960s,whenRichardH.FrenkielandJoelS.EngelofBellLabsdevelopedtheelectronics.
Duringthe1950stheexperimentsofthepioneersstarted
toappearasusableservicesacrosssociety,bothcommerciallyandculturally.Inthe1954movieSabrina,thebusinessmanLinusLarrabee(playedbyHumphreyBogart)makesacallfromthephoneinthebackofhislimousine.
In1957youngSovietradioengineerLeonidKupriyanovichfromMoscowcreatedtheportablemobilephone,namedafter
himselfasLK-1or"radiophone".[5]Thistruemobilephone
consistedofarelativelysmall-sizedhandsetequippedwithan
antennaandrotarydial,andcommunicatedwithabasestation.Kupriyanovich's"radiophone"had3kilogramoftotalweight,couldoperateupto20or30kilometers,andhad20or30hoursofbatterylifespan.LK-1anditslayoutwasdepictedinpopularSovietmagazinesasNaukaizhizn,8,1957,p.49,Yuniytechnik,7,1957,p.43-44.EngineerKupriyanovichpatentedhismobilephoneinthesameyear1957(author'scertificate(USSRPatent)#115494,ThebasestationofLK-1(calledATR,orAutomatedTelephoneRadiostation)couldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkandserveseveralcustomers.
In1958,Kupriyanovichresizedhis"radiophone"to
"pocket"version.Theweightofimproved"light"handsetwasabout500grams.
In1967,eachmobilephonehadtostaywithinthecellareaservicedbyonebasestationthroughoutthephonecall.Thisdidnotprovidecontinuityofautomatictelephoneservicetomobilephonesmovingthroughseveralcellareas.
In1969,apatentforawirelessphoneusinganacousticcouplerforincomingcallswasissuedinUSPatentNumber
3,449,750toGeorgeSweigertofEuclid,OhioonJune10,1969.Dialinganumberforoutgoingcallswasnotprovided.
Theconceptsoffrequencyreuseandhandoff,aswellasanumberofotherconceptsthatformedthebasisofmoderncellphonetechnology,weredescribedinthe1970s.In1970AmosE.Joel,Jr.,anotherBellLabsengineer,[6]inventedanautomatic"callhandoff"systemtoallowmobilephonestomovethroughseveralcellareasduringasingleconversationwithoutlossofconversation.AlsoFluhrandNussbaum,[7]Hachenburgetal.[8],and.Patent4,152,647,issuedMay1,1979toCharles
A.GladdenandMartinH.Parelman,bothofLasVegas,NevadaandassignedbythemtotheUnitedStatesGovernment.
、汉字发展史英文版
Inthelast50orsoyears,inscriptionshavebeenfoundon
potteryinavarietyoflocationsinChinasuchasBanponear
Xi'anaswellasonboneandbonemarrowsatHualouzi,Chang'anCountynearXi'an.Thesesimple,oftengeometricmarkshavebeenfrequentlycomparedtosomeoftheearliestknownChinesecharacters,ontheoraclebones,andsomehavetakenthemtomeanthatthehistoryofChinesewritingextendsbackoversixmillennia.
However,becausethesemarksoccursingly,withoutany
contexttoimply,andbecausetheyaregenerallyextremely
crudeandsimple,QiuX1gu1(2000,p.31)concludedthat"wedonothaveanybasisforstatingthattheseconstitutedwriting,
noristherereasontoconcludethattheywereancestraltoShangdynastyChinesecharacters."Isolatedgraphsandpicturescontinuetobefoundperiodically,frequentlyaccompaniedbymediareportspushingbackthepurportedbeginningsofChinesewritingafewthousandyears.Forexample,atDamaidiinNingxia,3,172pictorialcliffcarvingsdating
to6000-5000BChavebeendiscovered,leadingtoheadlines
suchas"Chinesewriting'8,000yearsold.'"[6]Similarly,archaeologistsreportfindingafewinscribedsymbolsontortoiseshellsattheNeolithicsiteofJiahuinHenan,datedtoaround6,600-6,200BCE,leadingtoheadlinesof"'Earliestwriting'foundinChina.[7]
InhiscommentreleasedtotheBBC,ProfessorDavid
Keightleyurgedcautioninthelatterinstanee,pointingtothe
lackofanydirectculturalconnectiontoShangculture,
combinedwithgapsbetweenthemofmanymillennia.However,in
thesameBBCarticle,asupportingargumentisprovidedbyDrGarmanHarbottle,oftheBrookhavenNationalLaboratoryinNew
York,US,whocollaboratedwithateamofarchaeologistsatthe
UniversityofScieneeandTechnologyofChina,inAnhuiprovinceinthediscovery.DrHarbottlepointstothepersistenceofsignuseatdifferentsitesalongtheYellowRiverthroughouttheNeolithicanduptotheShangperiod,whenacomplexwritingsystemappears.[7]
OnegroupofsitesofinterestistheDawenkCulturesites
(2800—2500BCE,onlyonemillenniumearlierthantheearly
Shancpulturesites,andpositionedsoastobeplausiblyalbeitindirectlyancestraltotheShang).There,afewinscribed
potteryandjadepieceshavebeenfound,[8]oneofwhichcombinespictorialelements(resembling,accordingtosome,a
sun,moonorclouds,andfireoramountain)inastackwhichbringstomindthecompoundingofelementsinChinesecharacters.Majorscholarsaredividedintheirinterpretationofsuchinscribedsymbols.Some,suchasYuX1ngwU,[9]TangLan[10]andL1Xueqin,[11]haveidentifiedthesewithspecific
Chinesecharacters.OtherssuchasWangNingsheng[12]interpretthemaspictorialsymbolssuchasclaninsignia,ratherthanwriting.ButintheviewofWangNingsheng,"TruewritingbeginswhenitrepresentssoundsandconsistsofsymbolsthatareabletorecordIanguage.Thefewisolated
figuresfoundonpotterystillcannotsubstantiatethis
point."[13]
火车发展史的英文介绍+汉译
ChinaRailwaybeganinthelateQingDynasty.However,the
Qinggovernmentcorr
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 手机 火车 汉字 发展史 英文