英语教材分析.docx
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英语教材分析.docx
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英语教材分析
英语教材分析
LT
inthesecondvolume,withproportionof30.6%and22.2%respectively.IntextbooksforstudentsinGrade9,7kindsappearwhichtakeup19.4%.Amongthem,mosttypesappearinthefirstvolumeforGrade8,whileleasttypesareinthesecondvolumeforGrade8.Comparisononthebasisofpages,thereare10typesofspeechactswhoseproportionsexceed1%,forexample,31.1%ofaskingforinformation,8.7%ofmakingintroduction,5.6%ofmakingrequests,5%ofgivingadvice,3.3%ofgreeting,1.9%ofaskingforadvice,1.7%ofgivingdirection,1.7%ofexpressinggratitude,1.2%ofaskingfordirection,1%ofinviting,andtheproportionsofotherspeechactsarelessthan1%.
Thefivevolumesallcontainspeechactsofmakingintroduction,askingforinformation,makingrequestsandgivingadvice.Thefourkindsofspeechactsofinviting,askingfordirection,givingdirection,andexpressinggratitudesharesimilarityintheirdistributioninthetextbook,thatis,between1%and1.7%.Speechactsofacceptinginvitation,askingforhelp,apologizing,refusingrequests,refusinginvitation,andmakingwishesalsosharesimilarityintheirdistributioninthetextbook,thatis,between0.2%and0.6%.Thedistributionofspeechactsineachvolumeisinthefollowingtables.
Table4.1DistributionofSpeechActsintheFirstVolumeforGrade7:
Making
introduction
Askingfor
information
Greetings
Askingfor
direction
Givingdirection
Makingrequest
Givingadvice
Expressinggratitude
pages
16
32
8
3
4
6
3
4
Proport
ion(100Ps)
16%
32%
8%
3%
4%
6%
3%
4%
Table4.2DistributionofSpeechActsintheSecondVolumeforGrade7:
Making
introduction
Askingfor
information
Greetings
Asking
for
direction
Givingdirection
Makingrequest
Givingadvice
Expressinggratitude
pages
10
37
4
3
3
5
2
2
Proport
ion(87Ps)
11.5%4
42.5%
4.6%
3.4%
3.4%
5.7%
2.3%
2.3%
Table4.3DistributionofSpeechActsintheFirstVolumeforGrade8:
Making
introduction
Askingfor
information
Greetings
Inviting
Givingdirection
Makingrequest
Givingadvice
Expressinggratitude
pages
6
32
3
5
1
7
4
2
Proport
ion(84Ps)
7.1%
38.1%
3.6%
6%
3.4%
8.3%
4.8%
2.4%
Table4.4DistributionofSpeechActsintheSecondVolumeforGrade8:
Making
introduction
Askingfor
information
Greetings
Apolog
izing
Asking
foradvice
Makingrequest
Givingadvice
Askingfor
help
pages
2
17
14
1
5
1
9
1
Proport
ion(85Ps)
11.5%4
42.5%
4.6%
1.2%
5.9%
5.7%
10.6%
1.2%
Table4.5DistributionofSpeechActsinGrade9:
Making
introduction
Askingfor
information
Giving
direction
Asking
foradvice
Makingrequest
Askingforadvice
Askingfor
help
pages
8
31
1
4
5
4
1
Proport
ion(127Ps)
6.3%4
25.2%
0.8%
3.1%
3.9%
3.1%
0.8%
3.Discussion
Afterpresentingtheresultsofthisresearch,thefollowingpartwilldiscusstheresultsrelatedtothetworesearchquestions.
3.1UnevenDistributionofSpeechActs
BasedontheSearle'sspeechacttheoryandthedetaileddistributionofspeechactsintheEnglishtextbooks,thefollowingdiscussionwillbemadefromtwoaspects.
3.1.1UnevenandIncomprehensiveGeneralDistribution
AsthetextbooksinvolvefivecategoriesofSearle'sspeechacts,itcanhelpcultivatestudentsintheirgeneralrecognitionsofspeechactswiththeuseofthetextbooks.However,thetextbooksjustinvolve16kindsofspeechacts,soitcannotteachthestudentsotherknowledgeofspeechacts.Especially,itdoesnotinvolvethecommonuseddailyspeechacts,suchasgivingcompliments,extendingcongratulation,andmakingcomplaints,whichmaymakesthestudentsunabletodealwiththesespeechactsintheirdailylives.Forinstance,whenstudentsneedtoexpressdissatisfactiontowardssomethinginEnglish,theymayonlybeindignantinheartbutdonotknowhowtospeakitoutproperly,orhowtorespondtoothers'discontent.TheEnglishtextbooksarenotinvolvedwithgivingcomplimentsorreplyingtoothers'compliments,whichcausesthestudents'answersnotsoidealinthequestionnairesurvey.Thestudents'answersarenotquiteideal.
Forthespeechactswhicharenotinvolvedinthetextbooks,studentsareweakintheirknowledgeofthem.WhentheycommunicateinEnglishwithothers,especiallywithEnglishnatives,theywillfeelshortofpreparations,thusgettingmoreandmoreunconfidentofthemselvesduringcommunication.Withtheexistingdailylifeexperiencesandknowledgeofjuniorschoolstudents,theyhavealreadydevelopedsomewishesandpotentialinspeechactscommunication,sothetextbooksshouldfittheneedsofstudentsandfitthepracticalsituationofstudentsandtheteaching.Atpresent,undertheinfluenceoftheseniorhighschoolentranceexamination,studentsusuallystudyhardandrememberalargeamountofgrammaticalknowledgeduringtheyearsoftheirlearningEnglish.Theycangethighmarksinexamsandbegoodstudents,butnotsuccessfulcommunicators.Thatisbecausetheylosetheirconfidenceinpracticeandbecomeunnaturalorevenfidgetedandoutoftheirwits.Themainpurposeofourlearninglanguageistoputitintopractice,andthewayoflearningshouldalsobeinusingthem.Onlyinpracticecanthelanguagebefreshandaliveandreliable.
3.1.2DifferentProportionsofSpeechActsinDifferentVolumes
Thedistributionofspeechactsinthetextbooksisnotregularandofdifferentproportions.17typesareinvolvedintextbooksforgrade7,18typesareintextbooksforgrade8,whereasonly7typesareintextbooksforgrade9.Theproportionvariesfrom30.6%inthefirstvolumeforgrade8,whichisthelargestproportion,to19.4%inboththesecondvolumeforgrade8andtextbooksforgrade9,thesmallest.Thisbeingthecase,itisdifficultforthestudentstoformarelativelystableanddeepexperienceonspeechacts.Sotheycannotuselanguageproficientlytocommunicatemoderatelyinpracticalspeechcommunications.Theauthordoesnotmeantoemphasizeequaldivisionhere,becauseequaldivisionisnotsurelyscientific.Itisjustthatthedistributionofspeechactsshouldbebasedonrelatedstudies,suchasresearchonthetheoryofintermediarylanguage.However,therearesomeintensificationhandlingsonspeechactsinthetextbooks.Forinstance,thesharedappearanceofspeechactsaremakingintroduction,askingforinformationandmakingrequests.Cohen(1996)saysthattheteachingofspeechactsseemsgeneralandarenotinaccordancewiththeguidingprincipleof“whatshouldbeusedatwhattime"toarrangeteaching,sotheresultisthatthelearnersgetdifferentwaysofrealizingthesamespeechactbutdonotknowtochoosewhichwayofexpressioninconcretecontexts(HuMeixin,2007).Thisalsogivesexplanationstotheresultsofthisresearch.Onthewhole,thestudentsdonotmasterpragmaticknowledgeverywell.Therefore,thehandlingofspeechactsintextbooksshouldbevalued.Onlywhenitbeintensifiedfromdifferentanglescanstudentsunderstandandgraspitcompletely.
3.2PragmaticPerspectivesofTextbooksCompilation
WehavealreadypragmaticallyevaluatedthesetofEnglishtextbooksfrombothfrommicrocosmicandmacroscopiclevels.Theauthorsuggeststhecompositionoftextbooksshouldbecarriedoutfromtheperspectiveofpragmatics:
Atfirst,theproportionandrepetitionfrequencyofpragmaticknowledgeshouldbeincreasedinEnglishtextbooksforjuniorschoolstudents.InEnglishteachinginjuniormiddleschools,toteachlinguisticknowledgeandskillsarebasic,butitismoreimportanttomakeEnglisharealtoolofflexibleuseforstudents.Thethinkinglevelofjuniorschoolstudentshasdevelopedtosomeextent,andtheywillmeetdifferentspeechactsintheirdailylives,therefore,itisquitenecessarytoletthemmasterpragmaticknowledgeinvariousaspects,includingpragmaticlinguisticknowledge,socialpragmaticknowledge,andcross-culturalpragmaticknowledge,etc.ChenJie(2008)holdsthatintheprocessofEnglishteaching,itisnecessarytoguideinpragmaticaspects.Duringwhichtheteachersshouldprovidecorrectandvariousforeignlanguagecontextinputsforstudent,aswellasabundantopportunitiesofknowledgeinputandfeedbacks.Therefore,whencompilingthetextbooks,thecomprehensivenessofspeechactsshouldbeconsidered.36kindsormorespeechactsshouldbetouchedupon.Ofcourse,therearehundredsofthousandsspeechacts,whichareimpossibletobecontained,butthosespeechactsthatwilloftenbefacedwithindailylivesofstudentsorcanbemasteredbystudentsthroughteachingshouldbeshownintextbooks.Thisisinaccordancewiththetheoryof"ZoneofProximalDevelopment"fromVygotsky.
Second,enhancethetrainingpartofpragmaticcompetenceinEnglishtextbooks.YuTing(2008)pointsoutthataneffectivewayofpragmatictrainingistodesigntextbookswell...unfortunately,manyEnglishtextbooksinchinalackofpragmatictraining.Forinstance,differentexpressionscanbeusedtoshowdifferentspeechacts,thesameexpressioncanalsobeadoptedtoexpressdifferentspeechactsaccordingtodifferentcontexts.WecandesigntrainingactivitiessuchasteamdivisionorcooperationinEnglishtextbooks,todesigndifferentcontexts,tomakethesimplenarrativesentence"It'scoldhere"expressmeaningstonarratethefact(toshowobjectivelythatthetemperaturehereislow),toexpressrequest(itiscoldandpleaseclosethewindowanddoor),toputforwardsuggestions(itiscoldheresowecanchangeaplace),toexpresscomplaint(thetemperaturehereisunpl
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