南京大学基础英语考研真题.docx

南京大学基础英语考研真题.docx

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南京大学基础英语考研真题

南京大学2009年基础英语考研真题

PartOne:

ReadingComprehensionandVocabulary（40points）

Readthepassagebelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

Plato’sPhilosophy

B.Jowett

1.ThePlatonicphilosophyisontheonesidethecompletionoftheSocratic;butontheother,anextensionandanadvanceuponit.AsSocratesinhisphilosophicinquiriesconcernedhimselfwiththemoralquiteasmuchaswiththeintellectuallife—aswithhimrightactionwasinseparablyunitedwithrightcognition,philosophywithmoralityandreligion—beingindeedoneandthesamething,soisitinPlato;andastheaimoftheonephilosopherwastogroundintelligenceandconductonconceptualknowledge,sototheotherthestandardofallactionandofallconvictionsisthecontemplationofuniversalideas.Plato’sviewsconcerningtheproblemandprincipleofphilosophythusrestentirelyonaSocraticbasis.ButthatwhichhadbeenwithSocratesonlyauniversalaxiombecamewithPlatoasystem;thatwhichtheformerhadlaiddownastheprincipleofknowledgewasannouncedbythelatterastheprincipleofmetaphysics.

2.Socrateshadsoughtthatconceptualknowledgeforwhichheclaimedexistence,buthehadonlyreducedtotheirprimaryconceptparticularactivitiesandphenomenainconnectionwiththegivencase.Hehadneverattemptedtogainawholefromscientificallycombinedconcepts,andthusto.explainthetotalityoftheReal.Heconfinedhimselfonprincipletoethicalinquiries,andeventhesehepursued,notsystematically,butinamerelyinductivemanner.ItwasPlatowhofirstexpandedtheSocraticphilosophyintoasystem,combineditsethicswiththeearliernaturalphilosophy,andfoundedbothindialectics,orthepurescienceofideas.

3.Butthenecessityimmediatelybecameapparentofaprinciplenotonlytoguidethoughtinthescientificmethod,butalsotointerpretmaterialthingsintheiressenceandexistence.Plato,intranscendingtheSocraticethics,transcendsalsotheSocraticacceptationofconceptualknowledge.Thecognitionofideas,Socrateshadsaid,istheconditionofalltrueknowledgeandrightaction.Therefore,concludesPlato,logicalthoughtisalonetrueknowledge.Allotherwaysofknowing—presentation,envisagement—affordnoscientificcertaintyofconviction.Butiftheknowledgeoftheideaisalonerealknowledge,thiscanonlybe,accordingtoPlato,becausethataloneisaknowledgeoftheReal;becausetrueBeingbelongsexclusivelytotheessenceofthingspresentedintheidea,andtoallelse,inproportiononlyasitparticipatesintheidea.Thustheidealizingoftheconcept,whichwithSocrateshadbeenalogicalpostulateinvolvingacertainscientificdexterity,dialecticalimpulse,anddialecticalart,wasnowraisedtotheobjectivecontemplationoftheworld,andperfectedintoasystem.

4.This,however,wasimpossiblewithoutintroducingasharperdiscriminationbetweenintellectualandmoralactivity.HedistinguishesmoresharplythanSocratesbetweenthemoraldirectionofthewillandscientificcognition,butdoesnottherefore,likeAristotle,makephilosophyatheoreticalactivity.HecompletestheSocraticethicsnotonlywithdialecticalbutwithphysicalinvestigations:

thelatter,however,neverprosperinhishands.

5.Platogivestoconcepts,asseparatesubstances,therealityofideas;butinholdingideastobetheonlyreality,andmaterialthings,assuch,tobedevoidofessence,andnonexistent,hemakesimpossibletohimselftheexplanationofthephenomenalworld.Heperfectstheconceptualphilosophyintoasystem,butisnotimpelled,likehissuccessor,toenterdeeplyintoparticulars:

tohimtheideaonlyisthetrueobjectofthought;theindividualphenomenonpossessesnointerest.Hecanindeedmakeuseofittobringtolighttheideainwhichitparticipates,butthatthoroughcompletenesswithwhichAristotleworkshiswaythroughempiricaldataisnothisconcern.

6.Thestudyofparticularsseemstohimscarcelymorethananintellectualpastime,andifhehasforawhileoccupiedhimselfwithit,healwaysreturns,asifwearied,tothecontemplationofpureideas.Inthisrespectalso,hestandsmidwaybetweenSocratesandAristotle.Inthesameproportion,however,thatPlatoadvancedbeyondSocrates,itwasinevitablethatheshouldgobacktothepre-Socraticdoctrines,andregardashisco-disciplesthosewhowerethenseekingtoapplythosetheoriestotheperfectingoftheSocraticdoctrine.

7.PlatoisthefirstoftheGreekphilosopherswhonotmerelyknewandmadeuseofhispredecessors,butconsciouslycompletedtheirprinciplesbymeansofeachother,andboundthemalltogetherinonehigherprinciple,seekingnotmerelytheessentialnatureofmoralactivities,buttheessentialnatureoftheReal.Heisthusinevitably,directedtowardstheassumptionsofhispredecessors,whichhadallstartedfromsometrueperception;butwhiletheseassumptionshadrelatedentirelyandexclusivelytooneanother,Plato’sscientificprinciplesrequiredthatheshouldfusethemallintoahigherandmorecomprehensivetheoryoftheworld.AsthereforePlato’sknowledgeoftheearlierdoctrinesgavehimthemostdecidedimpulseinthedevelopmentoftheSocraticteaching,itwasconverselythatdevelopmentwhichaloneenabledhimtousethecombinedachievementsoftheotherphilosophersforhisownsystem.

8.TheSocraticconceptualphilosophywastransplantedbyPlatointothefruitfulandwell-tilledsoilofthepreviousnaturalphilosophy,thencetoappropriatetoitselfallkindredmatter;andinthuspermeatingtheolderspeculationwiththespiritofSocrates,purifyingandreformingitbydialectic,whichwasitselfextendedtometaphysicalspeculation.Inthusperfectingethicsbynaturalphilosophyandnaturalphilosophybyethics,Platohasaccomplishedoneofthegreatestintellectualcreationseverknown.Philosophycouldnotindeedpermanentlyremainintheformthengiventoit.Aristotlesoonmadeveryessentialalterations,inthetheoriesofhismaster;theolderAcademyitselfcouldnotmaintainthemintheirpurity,andthelatersystemsthatthoughttoreproducethesystemofPlatowereself-deceived.ButthisispreciselyPlato’sgreatness—thathewasabletogivetheprogressofphilosophyanimpulsesopowerful,sofartranscendingthelimitsofhisownsystem,andtoproclaimthedeepestprincipleofallrightspeculation—theidealismofthought—withsuchenergy,suchfreshnessofyouthfulenthusiasm,thattohim,despiteallhisscientificdeficiencies,belongsthehonorofforeverconferringphilosophicconsecrationonthoseinwhomthatprinciplelives.

9.InPlato’sscientificmethod,also,werecognizethedeepening,thepurification,andtheprogressoftheSocraticphilosophy.Fromtheprincipleofconceptualknowledgearises,asitsimmediateconsequence,thatdialecticofwhichSocratesmustbeconsideredtheauthor.ButwhileSocratescontentedhimselfwithdevelopingtheconceptoutofmereenvisagement,Platofurtherdemandedthatconceptualscienceshouldbedrawnoutbymethodicalclassificationintoasystem;whileSocrates,informingconcepts,startsfromthecontingenciesofthegivencase,andnevergoesbeyondtheparticular,Platorequiresthatthoughtshallarise,bycontinuedanalysis,fromconditionedtounconditioned,fromthephenomenontotheidea,fromparticularideastothehighestandmostuniversal.

10.TheSocraticdialecticonlysetitselftogaintheartofrightthinkingfortheimmediateuseofindividualstopurifytheircrudepresentationsintoconcepts:

thepracticeofdialecticwasthereforeatthesametimeeducational;intellectualandmoralactivitycoincided,asmuchfortheworkofthephilosopherinitselfasforitseffectonothers.ThePlatonic,dialectic,ontheotherhand,wassubservienttotheformationofasystem;ithas,therefore,ascomparedwiththeSocratic,largeroutlinesandamorefixedform.Whatintheonewasamatterofpersonaldiscipline,intheotherbecomesconsciousmethodreducedtogeneralrules;whereastheformeraimedateducatingindividualsbytrueconcepts,thelatterseeksoutthenatureandconnectionofconcepts,inthemselves:

itinquiresnotmerelyintomoralproblemsandactivities,butintotheessentialnatureoftheReal,proposingasitsendascientificrepresentationoftheuniverse.

11.ButPlatodoesnotgosofarinthisdirectionasAristotle.HecaresfarlessforthatequalspreadofscientificknowledgeintoalldepartmentswhichAristotledesiredthanforthecontemplationoftheideaassuch.Heregardstheempiricalpartlyasahelptotheattainmentoftheidea—aladdertobeleftbehindifwewouldgaintheheightsofthought;partlyasatypeofthenatureandinherentforceoftheideas—aworldofshadows,towhichthephilosopheronlytemporarilydescends,forthwithtoreturnintotheregionoflightandpureBeing.

12.Whereas,therefore,Socratesinthemainconfineshimselftoasearchforconcepts,thecognitionofwhichisforhimmoraleducation;whereasAristotleextendsinductionanddemonstration,purelyintheinterestsofscience,overalltheActual—thespecialpeculiarityofPlatoisthatmoraleducation,intellectualteaching,and,inscienceitself,theformationofconceptsandtheirdevelopment,inspiteofpartialseparation,areyet,withhim,internallyheldtogetherandunitedbytheircommonaim,bothleadingtothatcontemplationoftheidea,whichisatthesametimelifeintheidea.Thispositionisnotindeedinvariable.Wesee,intheDialogues,Socraticinductionatfirstdecidedlypredominatingovertheconstructiveelement,thenbothintermingling,and,lastly,inductivepreparationrecedingbeforesystematicdeduction;correspond