International TradeCharnovitzFall.docx

International TradeCharnovitzFall.docx

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InternationalTradeCharnovitzFall

InternationalTradeLawOutline

I.Summary

PrinciplesofWorldTradeLaw:

∙Bindings

∙MostFavoredNation

∙NationalTreatment

∙TransparencyNorms:

Publicityofgovernmentregulation.

∙RegionalandBi-LateralAgreements.（ExceptiontoMFNforFreeTradeAgreementsandCustomsUnions）

PossibleViolations:

∙Dumping（AntidumpingAgreement）

∙Subsidies（SCMAgreement）

∙Safeguards（GATT）

∙SanitaryMeasures（SPSAgreement）

∙MostFavoredNation（GATTArt.1,GATSArt.2）

∙NationalTreatment:

DomesticTaxesandRegulations（GATTArt.3,GATSArt.17）

PossibleExceptions:

∙GATTArt.20:

GeneralExceptionsforPublicPolicy

（a）Toprotectpublicmorals.

（b）Toprotecthuman,animalorplantlifeorhealth.

（c）Relatingtotheimportationorexportationofgoldorsilver.

（d）NecessarytoensurecompliancewithlawsorregulationswhicharenotinconsistentwithGATTprovisions.

（e）Relatingtotheproductsofprisonlabor.

（f）Protectionofnationaltreasures.

（g）Conservationofexhaustiblenaturalresources（mustcomplementsimilardomesticmeasures）.

（j）Essentialtoacquisitionordistributionofproductsingeneralshortsupply.（subjecttosomelimitations.

∙GATTArt.21:

ExceptionsforSecurity.

（a）Notrequiredtofurnishinformationthatmaythreatennationalsecurity.

（b）Notpreventedtotakeactionnecessarytoprotectionofnationalsecurityinterests,including…

（i）Relatingtofissionablematerials.

（ii）Relatingtotrafficinarms,ammunitionsandimplementsofwar.

（iii）Takenintimeofwarorotheremergencyininternationalrelations.

（c）NotrequiredtodoanythingthatwouldinterferewithobligationsundertheUNCharterforthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.

∙GATTArt.24:

ExceptiontoMFNforCustomsUnionsandFreeTradeAreas.

Remedies:

∙ThreeTypesofRemediestoViolativeTreatment:

Imposetariffsorquotas.

oSafeguardsAgreementandGATT19

▪UnforeseenDevelopmentsTest（StillrelevantfromGATT19）

▪EverysafeguardthathascomebeforetheWTOhasbeenfoundtobeaviolation.

▪Needtoshow:

∙Increasedimports.（SafeguardsAgmt.Art.4.2（a））

∙Seriousinjury.（Art.4.2（a））

∙Causation:

Increasedimportscausedtheclaimedinjury.（Art.4.2（b））

∙Non-Attribution:

Thedefendantistheonethatcausedtheinjury,specifically.（Art.4.2（b））

▪Remedy:

Atarifforquotawillbeplacedonimportsasameanstoprotectdomesticindustryfromimportcompetition.

oAntidumpingAgreementandGATTArt.6

▪Needtoshow:

∙Dumping:

Priceoftheproductintheconsumingcountryisgreaterthanthatintheexportingcountry.（AntidumpingAgmt.Art.2）

∙MaterialInjury.（Art.3）

oSignificantincreaseindumpedimports.（Art.3.2）

oSignificantpriceundercuttingoreffectofdepressingpricestoasignificantdegree（Art.3.2）.

oAnalysisofthesetworequirementsincludesevaluatingallrelevanteconomicfactorshavinganimpactontheindustry,includingsales,profits,output,marketshare…（3.4）

∙Causation:

Dumpingmustcausetheinjurytothedomesticindustryproducingtheproduct.（3.5）

oTodetermine,mustexamineallrelevantevidencebeforetheauthorities,includingvolumeandpricesofimportsnotsoldatdumpingprices,patternsofconsumption,andtrade-restrictivepractices.

▪Remedy:

Adjustment.Determinethedumpingmarginandimposeantidumpingdutiestoadjustthepricedomesticconsumerspaysothatisnolongerdiscriminatoryorbelow-cost.

oSCMAgreement（Part1.5）:

CountervailingDuties

▪Needtoshow:

∙Foreignsubsidy:

oFinancialcontribution,AND

oConferabenefit.

∙Specificity:

（Art.2definesspecificity）Fact-intensive.Mustgothroughanalysiseachtime.

oLimitsubsidytocertainenterprisesitwillbespecific

oGenerally-availablesubsidiesarenotspecific.

∙MaterialInjury

∙Causation

▪Remedy:

Countervailingduty.

∙SanitaryMeasures（SPSAgreement）

oFourdefinitions,dealingonlywithhealthanddisease.

oArt.2.2:

Measuresmustbebasedonscientificprincipleswithscientificevidence.

∙SCMAgreement（Part2）:

ProhibitedSubsidies

oCessation:

Stopongoingviolation.（Prospective）

oRepayment:

AppliesonlytoNon-RecurringSubsidiesunderSCM4.7.（Retrospective）（SeeAustralianLeather）

GATS:

Allcommitmentsarepublishedinaschedule.Commitmentsareonlythosepublished.

DSU

∙SecurityandPredictability（3.2）

∙Violation=PrimaFacieNullificationorImpairment（3.8）

∙WTODisputeOutcomes

oFullImplementation

oMutuallyAgreedSolution

oMutuallyAcceptableCompensation

oSuspensionofConcessionsandOtherObligations

∙ComplianceEnforcementSystem

o21:

Testwhethercompliancehasoccurred

o22:

Measureextentofcompensation.

II.PrinciplesinTradeLaw

Tariffs:

∙Tariffsarepreferredtoquotasandsubsidies.

∙Meanstoprotectdomesticindustry.

∙Tariffsgeneraterevenueforthegovernment.

∙Atariffisnotabsoluteprotection,sothattheforeignproducercanstillexportsolongasit’swillingtopaythetariff.

∙GATTdoesn’tprohibittariffs,butrathercallsfornegotiationstolimitthem.

∙Tariffsraisethecostdomestically.

∙ThreeTypesofTariffs:

oAdValorem:

Ataxsetasthepercentageofthevalueoftheimportedgoods.（Mosttariffsareadvalorem.）

oSpecificTariff:

Aflatchargeperunitorquantityofgoods.

oMixedTariff:

Combinesthetwoabovetypes（EX:

5centsperpound,plus10%ofthevalue）.

Quotas:

∙Quotasgeneratemoneyforothers–domesticproducers（“quotarents”）.

∙Aquotaisanabsolutebarrierontheforeignnation’sabilitytoexport.

∙GATTprohibitsquotas,exceptincertaincircumstances（thesebeingsomewhatlargeexceptions,though）.

∙Tarify:

Toconvertaquotatoatariff（donelargelyinagriculture）.

∙TariffRateQuota:

Tariffonthefirstamountallowedin,andthenimportsabovethatlevelaretaxedatahigherrate.

Subsidies:

∙Meanstoprotectdomesticproducers.

∙Subsidiesdecreasecostsdomestically,thusconsumersbenefitmorefromthesubsidies.

∙Developingcountrieshaveahardertimeofferingsubsidies.

III.WTOOrganizationBasics

GeneralPrinciplesoftheWTO:

∙EverydecisionoftheWTOisreachedbyconsensus.

∙MultilateralAgreements:

TheWTOAgreementiscomprisedofmultilateralagreementsbindingonallitsmembers.（Article2.2:

ScopeoftheWTO）

∙Plurilateralagreements:

OptionalagreementsdonotcreateeitherobligationsorrightsforMembersthathavenotacceptedthem.（Article2.3）

oUsuallyrequiredtobesignedbystatesseekingaccession.

oTwoPlurilateralAgreementsStillinEffect:

▪CivilAircraft

▪GovernmentProcurement

∙FourFunctionsoftheWTO:

oAnorganizationandconstitution.

oAlegalcode.

oAWorldTradeCourt

oAforumfornegotiationsonmultilateraltraderelations.（Article3）

▪WTOisaForumforNegotiations:

MemberscannegotiateissuesalreadyinWTOlaw,aswellasanythingconcerningtheirmultilateraltraderelations.（Article3.2）

∙EconomicCoherencewithBrettonWoodsOrganizations:

WTOwillcooperatewithIMFandWorldBankinglobaleconomicpolicy-making.（Article3.5）

∙WTO’sLegalPersonality:

WTOcanrentproperty,signcontracts,besued…itisalegalentity.（Article8）

∙StructureoftheWTO:

（Article4）

oMinisterialConference（4.1）

▪Representativesofallthemembercountries.

▪Meetsatleastonceeverytwoyears.

▪CarriesoutthegeneralfunctionsoftheWTO.

▪Responsiblefordecisions“onallmattersrelatedtothemultilateralagreements.

▪EstablishesCommittees:

（Article4.7）

∙CommitteeonTradeandDevelopment

∙CommitteeonBalance-of-PaymentsRestrictions

∙CommitteeonBudget,FinanceandAdministration.

oGeneralCouncil（4.2,5,7,and9）

▪Composedofrepresentativesofallthemembercountries.

▪Meetsasappropriate（approximatelyonceamonth）.

▪ConductsfunctionsoftheMinisterialConferencebetweenmeetingsoftheMinisterialConference.

▪OtherspecificfunctionsoftheGeneralCouncil:

∙GeneralCouncilEstablishesCouncilsWhichOperateUnderItsGuidance:

（Article4.5）

oCouncilonGoods

oCouncilonServices

oCouncilonTRIPS

∙Makesprovisionsforcooperationwithintergovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations（Articles5.1and5.2）.

∙Adoptsinterpretationsofagreements（Article9.2）.

oAllMemberRequirementinBOTHMinisterialConferenceandGeneralCouncil:

▪Specializationofstaff

∙Differentpeoplerepresentthecountrieswithineachforum（e.g.,higherlevelatMinisterialConferencemeetings（ministers）thanatGeneralCouncilmeetings（ambassadors））.

∙PoliticalstaffinGeneralCouncil,andlegalstaffinDSB.

▪ValuesservedbymakingallgroupscomposedofallmembersofWTO.

∙SymbolicofmultilateralnatureoftheWTO.

∙Demonstratesequalityofmembers.

oDon’twanttomakeanyonecountrymorepowerfulthanothers.

oWTOismember-driven:

Allofthemembersmakethedecisionstogether.

oThereisnodelegation:

Eachmemberrepresentsitself/fullparticipation.

IV.BecomingaMemberoftheWTO

GeneralPrinciples:

∙ContractingPartiesofGATT’47automaticallybecomemembersofWTO.（Article11.1）

∙Least-DevelopedCountries:

Undertakecommitmentsandconcessionsonlytotheextentconsistentwiththeirinstitutionaldevelopment,financialandtradeneeds,ortheiradministrativeandinstitutionalcapacity.（Article11.2）

oSponsorship:

Formercoloniescomeinwiththescheduleofthecountrytheywereformerlypartof,ornoscheduleatall.

∙Accession:

（Article12）

oAnystateorseparatecustomsterritorypossessingfullautonomyintheconductofitsexternalcommercialrelationsmayaccede.

oEX:

Chinarecentlyacceded.

∙Ittakesaverylongtimetobecomeamember.VariouslawsmustbechangedtocomeintoWTOco