英语四级长篇阅读原文来源及答案.docx
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英语四级长篇阅读原文来源及答案.docx
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英语四级长篇阅读原文来源及答案
2014年6月英语四级长篇阅读原文来源及答案
本文节选自2013年4月《大西洋月刊》(TheAtlantic)上的一篇同名文章《触屏一代》(TheTouchScreenGeneration)。
Onachillydaylastspring,afewdozendevelopersofchildren’sappsforphonesandtabletsgatheredatanoldbeachresortinMonterey,California,toshowofftheirgames.Onedeveloper,aself-described“visionaryforpuzzles”wholookedlikeaskateboarder-recently-turned-dad,displayedajacked-up,interactivegamecalledPuzzingo,intendedfortoddlersandinspiredbyhisownson’sdesiretobuildandsmash.Two30?
somethingwomenwereeagerlyseekingfeedbackforanappcalledKnockKnockFamily,aimedat1-to-4-year-olds.“Wewanttomakesureit’seasyenoughforbabiestounderstand,”oneexplained.
ThegatheringwasorganizedbyWarrenBuckleitner,alongtimereviewerofinteractivechildren’smediawholikestobringtogetherdevelopers,researchers,andinterestgroups—andoftenplentyofkids,somestillindiapers.ItwentbytheHarryPotter–ishnameDustorMagic,andwasheldinadraftyoldstone-and-woodhallbarelyamilefromthesea,thekindofplacewhereBathildaBagshotmightretireafterpackingupherwand.Buckleitnerspentthebreakstestingwhetherhisownremote-controlhelicoptercouldreachthehall’ssecondstory,whilevariouschildrenwhohadcomewiththeirparentslookedupinaweanddelight.Butmostlytheylookeddown,attheiPadsandothertabletsdisplayedaroundthehalllikesomanyopenboxesofcandy.Iwalkedaroundandtalkedwithdevelopers,andseveralparaphrasedafamoussayingofMariaMontessori’s,aquoteimportedtoennobleatouch-screenagewhenveryyoungkids,whooncecouldbecountedononlytochewonasquareofaluminum,arenowengagingwithitinincreasinglysophisticatedways:
“Thehandsaretheinstrumentsofman’sintelligence.”
What,really,wouldMariaMontessorihavemadeofthisscene?
The30orsochildrenherewerenotdownattheshorepokingtheirfingersinthesandorrunningthemalongmossystonesordiggingforhermitcrabs.Insteadtheywereallinside,aloneoringroupsoftwoorthree,theirfacesafewinchesfromascreen,theirhandsdoingthingsMontessorisurelydidnotimagine.Acoupleof3-year-oldgirlswereleaningagainstapairofFrenchdoors,readinganinteractivestorycalledTenGigglyGorillasandfightingoverwhichapetoticklenext.Aboyinanearbycornerhadturnedhisfingertipintoaredmarkertodrawanuglypictureofhisolderbrother.Onanoldoaktableatthefrontoftheroom,agiantstuffedAngryBirdbeckonedthechildrentocomeandtestouttabletsloadedwithdozensofnewapps.Someofthechairshadpillowsstrappedtothem,sincean18-month-oldmightnototherwisebeabletoreachthetable,thoughshe’dknowhowtoswipeonceshedid.
Notthatlongago,therewasonlythetelevision,whichtheoreticallycouldbekeptintheparents’bedroomorlockedbehindacabinet.NowtherearesmartphonesandiPads,whichwashupinthedomesticclutteralongsidekeysandgumandstrayhairties.“Mom,everyonehastechnologybutme!
”my4-year-oldsonsometimeswails.Andwhyshouldn’thefeelentitled?
Inthesamespanoftimeittookhimtolearnhowtosaythatsentence,thousandsofkids’appshavebeendeveloped—themajorityaimedatpreschoolerslikehim.Tous(hisparents,Imean),Americanchildhoodhasundergoneasomewhatalarmingtransformationinaveryshorttime.Buttohim,ithasalwaysbeenpossibletodosomanythingswiththeswipeofafinger,tohavehundredsofgamespackedintoagadgetthesamesizeasGoodnightMoon.
In2011,theAmericanAcademyofPediatricsupdateditspolicyonveryyoungchildrenandmedia.In1999,thegrouphaddiscouragedtelevisionviewingforchildrenyoungerthan2,citingresearchonbraindevelopmentthatshowedthisagegroup’scriticalneedfor“directinteractionswithparentsandothersignificantcaregivers.”Theupdatedreportbeganbyacknowledgingthatthingshadchangedsignificantlysincethen.In2006,90percentofparentssaidthattheirchildrenyoungerthan2consumedsomeformofelectronicmedia.Nonetheless,thegrouptooklargelythesameapproachitdidin1999,uniformlydiscouragingpassivemediause,onanytypeofscreen,forthesekids.(Forolderchildren,theacademynoted,“high-qualityprograms”couldhave“educationalbenefits.”)The2011reportmentioned“smartcellphone”and“newscreen”technologies,butdidnotaddressinteractiveapps.Nordiditbroachthepossibilitythathaslikelyoccurredtothose90percentofAmericanparents,queasythoughtheymightbe:
thatsomegoodmightcomefromthoselittleswipingfingers.
Ihadcometothedevelopers’conferencepartlybecauseIhopedthatthisparticularsetofparents,enthusiasticastheywereaboutinteractivemedia,mighthelpmeoutofthisconundrum,thattheymightoffersomeguidingprincipleforAmericanparentswhoareclearlynevergoingtomeettheacademy’sideals,andatsomeleveldonotwantto.Perhapsthisgroupwouldbeabletoarticulatesomebenefitsofthenewtechnologythatthemorecautiouspediatriciansweren’treadytoaddress.Inurturedthishopeuntilaboutlunchtime,whenthedevelopersgatheringinthedininghallceasedbeingvisionariesandrevertedtobeingordinaryparents,tryingtosettletheirtoddlersinhighchairsandgetthemtoeatsomethingbesidesbread.
IfellintoconversationwithawomanwhohadhelpeddevelopMontessoriLetterSounds,anappthatteachespreschoolerstheMontessorimethodsofspelling.
ShewasaformerMontessoriteacherandamotheroffour.Imyselfhavethreechildrenwhoareallfansofthetouchscreen.Whatgamesdidherkidsliketoplay?
Iasked,hopingforsuggestionsIcouldtakehome.
“Theydon’tplayallthatmuch.”
Really?
Whynot?
“BecauseIdon’tallowit.Wehavearuleofnoscreentimeduringtheweek,”unlessit’sclearlyeducational.
Noscreentime?
Noneatall?
Thatseemsattheouteredgeofrestrictive,evenbythestandardsofmyovercontrollingparentingset.
“Ontheweekends,theycanplay.Igivethemalimitofhalfanhourandthenstop.Enough.Itcanbetooaddictive,toostimulatingforthebrain.”
HeranswersosurprisedmethatIdecidedtoasksomeoftheotherdeveloperswhowerealsoparentswhattheirdomesticgroundrulesforscreentimewere.Onesaidonlyonairplanesandlongcarrides.AnothersaidWednesdaysandweekends,forhalfanhour.Themostpermissivesaidhalfanhouraday,whichwasaboutmyruleathome.AtonepointIsatwithoneofthebiggestdevelopersofe-bookappsforkids,andhisfamily.Thetoddlerwasstartingtofussinherhighchair,sothemomdidwhatmanyofushavedoneatthatmoment—stuckaniPadinfrontofherandplayedashortmoviesoeveryoneelsecouldenjoytheirlunch.Whenshesawmewatching,shegavemetheuniversaltenselookofmotherswhofeeltheyarebeingjudged.“Athome,”sheassuredme,“IonlyletherwatchmoviesinSpanish.”
Bytheirpinchedreactions,theseparentsilluminatedformetheneurosisofourage:
astechnologybecomesubiquitousinourlives,Americanparentsarebecomingmore,notless,waryofwhatitmightbedoingtotheirchildren.Technologicalcompetenceandsophisticationhavenot,forparents,translatedintocomfortandease.Theyhavemerelycreatedyetanotherspherethatparentsfeeltheyhavetonavigateinexactlytherightway.Ontheonehand,parentswanttheirchildrentoswimexpertlyinthedigitalstreamthattheywillhavetonavigatealltheirlives;ontheotherhand,theyfearthattoomuchdigitalmedia,tooearly,willsinkthem.Parentsenduptreatingtabletslikeprecisionsurgicalinstruments,gadgetsthatmightperformmiraclesfortheirchild’sIQandhelphimwinsomeniftyroboticscompetition—butonlyiftheyareusedjustso.Otherwise,theirchildcouldenduponeofthosesad,palecreatureswhocan’tmakeeyecontactandhasanavatarforagirlfriend.
NormanRockwellneverpaintedBoySwipingFingeronScreen,andourownvisionofaperfectchildhoodhasneveradjustedtoaccommodatethatnow-commontableau.Addtothatourmodernfearthateveryparentingdecisionmayhavelastingconsequences—thateveryminuteofenrichmentlostormindlessentertainmentindulgedwilladduptosomepermanenthandicapinthefuture—andyouhavedeepguiltandconfusion.Todate,nobodyofresearchhasdefinitivelyprovedthattheiPadwillmakeyourpreschoolersmarterorteachhertospeakChinese,oralternativelythatitwillrustherneuralcircuitry—thedevicehasbeenoutforonlythreeyears,notmuchmorethanthetimeittakessomeacademicstofindfundingandgatherresearchsubjects.Sowhat’saparenttodo?
In2001,theeducationandtechnologywriterMarcPrenskypopularizedthetermdigitalnativestodescribethefirstgenerationsofchildrengrowingupfluentinthelanguageofcomputers,videogames,andothertechnologies.(Therestofusaredigitalimmigrants,strugglingtounderstand.)ThistermtookonawholenewsignificanceinApril2010,whentheiPadwasreleased.iPhoneshadalreadybeentemptingyoungchildren,butthescreenswerealittlesmallforpudgytoddlerhandstonavigatewitheaseandaccuracy.Plus,parentstendedtobemorepossessiveoftheirphones,hidingtheminpocketsorpurses.TheiPadwasbigandbright,andacasecouldbemadethatitbelongedtothefamily.Researcherswhostudychildren’smediaimmediatelyrecognizeditasagamechanger.
Previously,youngchildrenhadtobeshownbytheirparentshowtouseamouseoraremote,andtheconnectionbetweenwhattheyweredoingwiththeirhandandwhatwashappeningonthescreentooksometimetograsp.ButwiththeiPad,theconnectionisobvious,evento
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