专业英语八级考试试题30.docx
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专业英语八级考试试题30.docx
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专业英语八级考试试题30
专业英语八级考试试题(3)
TEXTBPunditswhowanttosoundjudiciousarefondofwarningagainstgeneralizing.Eachcountryisdifferent,theysay,andnoonestoryfitsallofAsia.Thisis,ofcourse,silly:
alloftheseeconomiesplungedintoeconomiccrisiswithinafewmonthsofeachother,sotheymusthavehadsomethingincommon.Infact,thelogicofcatastrophewasprettymuchthesameinThailand,Malaysia,IndonesiaandSouthKorea.(Japanisaverydifferentstory.)Ineachcaseinvestors——mainly,butnotentirely,foreignbankswhohadmadeshort-termloans——alltriedtopulltheirmoneyoutatthesametime.Theresultwasacombinedbankingandcurrencycrisis:
abankingcrisisbecausenobankcanconvertallitsassetsintocashonshortnotice;acurrencycrisisbecausepanickedinvestorsweretryingnotonlytoconvertlong-termassetsintocash,buttoconvertbahtorrupiahintodollars.Inthefaceofthestampede,governmentshadnogoodoptions.Iftheylettheircurrenciesplungeinflationwouldsoarandcompaniesthathadborrowedindollarswouldgobankrupt;iftheytriedtosupporttheircurrenciesbypushingupinterestrates,thesamefirmswouldprobablygobustfromthecombinationofdebtburdenandrecession.Inpractice,countries’splitthedifference——andpaidaheavypriceregardless.Wasthecrisisapunishmentforbadeconomicmanagement?
Likemostcliches,thecatchphrase“cronycapitalism”hasprosperedbecauseitgetsatsomethingreal:
excessivelycozyrelationshipsbetweengovernmentandbusinessreallydidleadtoalotofbadinvestments.ThestillprimitivefinancialstructureofAsianbusinessalsomadetheeconomiespeculiarlyvulnerabletoalossofconfidence.Butthepunishmentwassurelydisproportionatetothecrime,andmanyinvestmentsthatlookfoolishinretrospectseemedsensibleatthetime.Giventhattherewerenogoodpolicyoptions,wasthepolicyresponsemainlyonthefighttrack?
Therewasfranticblame-shiftingwheneverythinginAsiaseemedtobegoingwrong:
nowthereisaracetoclaimcreditwhensomethingshavestartedtogoright.TheinternationalMonetaryFundpointstoKorea’srecovery——andmoregenerallytothefactthattheskydidn’tfallafterall——asproofthatitspolicyrecommendationswereright.NevermindthatotherIMFclientshavedonefarworse,andthattheeconomyofMalaysia——whichrefusedIMFhelp,andhorrifiedrespectableopinionbyimposingcapitalcontrols——alsoseemstobeonthemend.Malaysia’sprimeMinister,bycontrast,claimsfullcreditforanygoodnews——eventhoughneighbouringeconomiesalsoseemtohavebottomedout.ThetruthisthatanobserverwithoutanyaxtogrindwouldprobablyconcludethatnoneofthepoliciesadoptedeitheronorindefianceoftheIMF’sadvicemademuchdifferenceeitherway.Budgetpolicies,interestratepolicies,bankingreform——whatevercountriestried,justaboutallthecapitalthatcouldflee,did.Andwhentherewasnomeremoneytorun,thenaturalrecuperativepowersoftheeconomiesfinallybegantoprevail.Atbest,themoneydoctorswhopurportedtooffercuresprovidedahelpfulbedsidemanner;atworst,theywerelikemedievalphysicianswhoprescribedbleedingasaremedyforallills.Willthepatientsstageafullrecovery?
Itdependsonexactlywhatyoumeanby“full”.SouthKorea’sindustrialproductionisalreadyaboveitspre-crisislevel;butinthespringof1997anyonewhohadpredictedzerogrowthinKoreanindustryoverthenexttwoyearswouldhavebeenregardedasarecklessdoomsayer.Soifbyrecoveryyoumeannotjustareturntogrowth,butonethatbringstheregion’sperformancebacktosomethinglikewhatpeopleusedtoregardastheAsiannorm,theyhavealongwaytogo.19.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTthewriter’sopinion?
A.Countriespaidaheavypriceforwhichevermeasuretaken.B.Countriesallfoundthemselvesinaneconomicdilemma.C.Withdrawalofforeigncapitalresultedinthecrisis.D.Mostgovernmentschoseoneofthetwooptions.20.ThewriterthinksthatthoseAsiancountries___.A.welldeservedthepunishmentB.investedinasenselesswayatthetimeC.wereundulypunishedinthecrisisD.hadbadrelationshipsbetweengovernmentandbusiness21.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatIMFpolicyrecommendations___.A.werefarfromapanaceainallcasesB.werefeasibleintheirrecipientcountriesC.failedtoworkintheirrecipientcountriesD.wererejectedunanimouslybyAsiancountries22.Attheendofthepassage,thewriterseemstothinkthatafullrecoveryoftheAsianeconomyis___.A.dueB.remoteC.imaginativeD.unpredictableTEXTCHumanmigration:
thetermisvague.Whatpeopleusuallythinkofisthepermanentmovementofpeoplefromonehometoanother.Morebroadly,though,migrationmeansalltheways——fromtheseasonaldriftofagriculturalworkerswithinacountrytotherelocationofrefugeesfromonecountrytoanother.Migrationisbig,dangerous,compelling.Itis60millionEuropeansleavinghomefromthe16thtothe20thcenturies.Itissome15millionHindus,Skihs,andMuslimssweptupinatumultuousshuffleofcitizensbetweenIndiaandPakistanafterthepartitionofthesubcontinentin1947.Migrationisthedynamicundertowofpopulationchange:
everyone’ssolution,everyone’sconflict.Asthecenturyturns,migration,withitsinevitableeconomicandpoliticalturmoil,hasbeencalled“oneofthegreatestchallengesofthecomingcentury.”Butitismuchmorethanthat.Itis,ashasalwaysbeen,thegreatadventureofhumanlife.Migrationhelpedcreatehumans,droveustoconquertheplanet,shapedoursocieties,andpromisestoreshapethemagain.“Youhaveahistorybookwritteninyourgenes,”saidSpencerWells.Thebookhe’stryingtoreadgoesbacktolongbeforeeventhefirstwordwaswritten,anditisastoryofmigration.Wells,atall,blondgeneticistatStanfordUniversity,spentthesummerof1998exploringremotepartsofTranscaucasiaandCentralAsiawiththreecolleaguesinaLandRover,lookingfordropsofblood.Intheblood,donatedbythepeoplehemet,hewillsearchforthestorythatgeneticmarkerscantellofthelongpathshumanlifehastakenacrosstheEarth.Geneticstudiesarethelatesttechniqueinalongeffortofmodernhumanstofindoutwheretheyhavecomefrom.Buthoweverthepathsaretraced,thebasicstoryissimple:
peoplehavebeenmovingsincetheywerepeople.Ifearlyhumanshadn’tmovedandintermingledasmuchastheydid,theyprobablywouldhavecontinuedtoevolveintodifferentspecies.FrombeginningsinAfrica,mostresearchersagree,groupsofhunter-gatherersspreadout,driventotheendsoftheEarth.TodemographerKingsleyDavis,twothingsmademigrationhappen.First,humanbeings,withtheirtoolsandlanguage,couldadapttodifferentconditionswithouthavingtowaitforevolutiontomakethemsuitableforanewniche.Second,aspopulationsgrew,culturesbegantodiffer,andinequalitiesdevelopedbetweengroups.Thefirstfactorgaveusthekeystothedoorofanyroomontheplanet;theothergaveusreasonstousethem.Overthecenturies,asagriculturespreadacrosstheplanet,peoplemovedtowardplaceswheremetalwasfoundandworkedandtocentresofcommercethatthenbecamecities.Thoseplaceswere,inturn,invadedandoverrunbypeoplelatergenerationscalledbarbarians.Inbetweenthesestormsurgesweresteadierbutsimilarlyprofoundfidesinwhichpeoplemovedouttocolonizeorwerecapturedandbroughtinasslaves.ForawhilethepopulationofAthens,thatcityoflegendaryenlightenmentwasasmuchas35percentslaves.“Whatstrikesmeishowimportantmigrationisasacauseandeffectinthegreatworldevents.”MarkMiller,co-authorofTheAgeofMigrationandaprofessorofpoliticalscienceattheUniversityofDelaware,toldmerecently.Itisdifficulttothinkofanygreateventsthatdidnotinvolvemigration.Religionsspawnedpilgrimsorsettlers;warsdroverefugeesbeforethemandmadenewlandavailablefortheconquerors;politicalupheavalsdisplacedthousandsormillions;economicinnovationsdrewworkersandentrepreneurslikemagnets;environmentaldisasterslikefamineordiseasepushedtheirbedraggledsurvivorsanywheretheycouldreplanthope.“It’spartofournature,thismovement,”Millersaid,“It’sjustafactofthehumancondition.”23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?
A.Migrationexertsagreatimpactonpopulationchange.B.MigrationcontributestoMankind’sprogress.C.Migrationbringsaboutdesirableandundesirableeffects.D.Migrationmaynotbeaccompaniedbyhumanconflicts.24.AccordingtoKingsleyDavis,migrationoccursasaresultofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPF___.A.humanadaptabilityB.humanevolutionC.culturaldifferencesD.inter-groupinequalities25.WhichofthefollowinggroupsisNOTmentionedasmigrantsinthepassage?
A.Farmers.B.Workers.C.Settlers.D.Colonizers.26.Thereseemstobea(n)___relationshipbetweengreateventsandmigration.A.looseB.indefiniteC.causalD.remoteTEXTDHowiscommunicationactuallyachieved?
Itdepends,ofcourse,eitheronacommonlanguageoronknownconventions,oratleastonthebeginningsofthese.Ifthecommonlanguageandtheconventionsexist,thecontributor,forexample,thecreativeartist,theperformer,orthereporter,triestousethemaswellashecan.Butoften,especiallywithoriginalartistsandthinkers,theproblemisinonewaythatofcreatingalanguage,orcreatingaconvention,oratleastofdevelopingthelanguageandconventionstothepointwher
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- 专业 英语 考试 试题 30