关于写作.docx
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关于写作.docx
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关于写作
THECHRONOLOGICALHISTORYOFTHECHRISTMASTREE
St.BonifaceStory
hydowehaveadecoratedChristmasTree?
Inthe7thcenturyamonkfromCrediton,Devonshire,wenttoGermanytoteachtheWordofGod.Hedidmanygoodworksthere,andspentmuchtimeinThuringia,anareawhichwastobecomethecradleoftheChristmasDecorationIndustry.
LegendhasitthatheusedthetriangularshapeoftheFirTreetodescribetheHolyTrinityofGodtheFather,SonandHolySpirit.TheconvertedpeoplebegantoreveretheFirtreeasGod'sTree,astheyhadpreviouslyreveredtheOak.Bythe12thcenturyitwasbeinghung,upside-down,fromceilingsatChristmastimeinCentralEurope,asasymbolofChristianity.
ThefirstdecoratedtreewasatRigainLatvia,in1510.Intheearly16thcentury,MartinLutherissaidtohavedecoratedasmallChristmasTreewithcandles,toshowhischildrenhowthestarstwinkledthroughthedarknight.
ChristmasMarkets
Inthemid16thcentury,ChristmasmarketsweresetupinGermantowns,toprovideeverythingfromChristmaspresents,foodandmorepracticalthingssuchasaknifegrindertosharpentheknifetocarvetheChristmasGoose!
Atthesefairs,bakersmadeshapedgingerbreadsandwaxornamentsforpeopletobuyassouvenirsofthefair,andtakehometohangontheirChristmasTrees.
ThebestrecordwehaveisthatofavisitortoStrasbourgin1601.Herecordsatreedecoratedwith"wafersandgoldensugar-twists(Barleysugar)andpaperflowersofallcolours".TheearlytreeswerebiblicallysymbolicoftheParadiseTreeintheGardenofEden.ThemanyfooditemsweresymbolsofPlenty,theflowers,originallyonlyred(forKnowledge)andWhite(forInnocence).
Tinsel
TinselwasinventedinGermanyaround1610.Atthattimerealsilverwasused,andmachineswereinventedwhichpulledthesilveroutintothewaferthinstripsfortinsel.Silverwasdurable,buttarnishedquickly,especiallywithcandlelight.Attemptsweremadetouseamixtureofleadandtin,butthiswasheavyandtendedtobreakunderitsownweightsowasnotsopractical.Sosilverwasusedfortinselrightuptothemid-20thcentury.
TheFirstEnglishTrees
TheChristmasTreefirstcametoEnglandwiththeGeorgianKingswhocamefromGermany.Atthistimealso,GermanMerchantslivinginEnglanddecoratedtheirhomeswithaChristmasTree.TheBritishpublicwerenotfondoftheGermanMonarchy,sodidnotcopythefashionsatCourt,whichiswhytheChristmasTreedidnotestablishinBritainatthattime.AfewfamiliesdidhaveChristmastreeshowever,probablymorefromtheinfluenceoftheirGermanneighboursthanfromtheRoyalCourt.
ThedecorationswereTinsels,silverwireornaments,candlesandsmallbeads.AllthesehadbeenmanufacturedinGermanyandEastEuropesincethe17thcentury.Thecustomwastohaveseveralsmalltreesontables,oneforeachmemberofthefamily,withthatpersonsgiftsstackedonthetableunderthetree.
TheVictorianandAlbertTree
In1846,thepopularRoyals,QueenVictoriaandherGermanPrince,Albert,wereillustratedintheIllustratedLondonNews.TheywerestandingwiththeirchildrenaroundaChristmasTree.UnlikethepreviousRoyalfamily,Victoriawasverypopularwithhersubjects,andwhatwasdoneatCourtimmediatelybecamefashionable-notonlyinBritain,butwithfashion-consciousEastCoastAmericanSociety.TheEnglishChristmasTreehadarrived!
Decorationswerestillofa'home-made'variety.YoungLadiesspenthoursatChristmasCrafts,quillingsnowflakesandstars,sewinglittlepouchesforsecretgiftsandpaperbasketswithsugaredalmondsinthem.Smallbeaddecorations,finedrawnoutsilvertinselcamefromGermanytogetherwithbeautifulAngelstositatthetopofthetree.Candleswereoftenplacedintowoodenhoopsforsafety.
Mid-VictorianTree
In1850'sLauschabegantoproducefancyshapedglassbeadgarlandsforthetrees,andshortgarlandsmadefromnecklace'bugles'andbeads.ThesewerereadilyavailableinGermanybutnotproducedinsufficientquantitiestoexporttoBritain.TheRauschgoldengelwasacommonsight.Literally,'Tingled-angel',boughtfromtheThuringianChristmasmarkets,anddressedinpuregildedtin.
The1860'sEnglishTreehadbecomemoreinnovativethanthedelicatetreesofearlierdecades.Smalltoyswerepopularlyhungonthebranches,butstillmostgiftswereplacedonthetableunderthetree.
Aroundthistime,theChristmastreewasspreadingintootherpartsofEurope.TheMediterraneancountrieswerenottoointerestedinthetree,preferringtodisplayonlyaCrechescene.Italyhadawoodentriangleplatformtreecalledas'CEPPO'.ThishadaCrechesceneaswellasdecorations.
TheGermantreewasbeginningtosufferfrommassdestruction!
IthadbecomethefashiontolopoffthetipoffalargetreetouseasaChristmasTree,whichpreventedthetreefromgrowingfurther.Statutesweremadetopreventpeoplehavingmorethanonetree.
JustasthefirsttreesintroducedintoBritaindidnotimmediatelytakeoff,theearlytreesintroducedintoAmericabytheHessiansoldierswerenotrecordedinanyparticularquantity.ThePennsylvanianGermansettlementshadcommunitytreesasearlyas1747.
Americabeingsolarge,tendedtohave'pockets'ofcustomsrelatingtotheimmigrantswhohadsettledinaparticulararea,anditwasnotuntilthecommunicationsreallygotgoinginthe19thcentury,thatsuchcustomsbegantospread.ThusreferencestodecoratedtreesinAmericabeforeaboutthemiddleofthe19thcenturyareveryrare.
Bythe1870's,GlassornamentswerebeingimportedintoBritainfromLauscha,inThuringia.Itbecameastatussymboltohaveglassornamentsonthetree,themoreonehad,thebetteronesstatus!
Stillmanyhome-madethingswereseen.TheEmpirewasgrowing,andthepopulartreetopperwastheNation'sFlag,sometimestherewereflagsoftheEmpireandflagsofthealliedcountries.Treesgotverypatriotic.
TheywereimportedintoAmericaaround1880,wheretheyweresoldthroughstoressuchasFWWoolworth.TheywerequicklyfollowedbyAmericanpatentsforelectriclights(1882),andmetalhooksforsaferhangingofdecorationsontothetrees(1892)
HighVictorianTrees
The1880'ssawariseoftheAestheticMovement.AtthistimeChristmasTreesbecameaglorioushotchpotchofeverythingonecouldcramon;orbycompletecontrasttheaesthetictreeswhichweredelicatelybalancedtrees,withdelicatecolours,shapesandstyle.theyalsogrewtofloorstandingtrees.Thelimitedavailabilityofdecorationsinearlierdecadeshadkepttreesbynecessityto,usuallytabletrees.Nowwithdecorationsaswellascraftsmorepopularthanever,therewasnoexcuse.Stillastatussymbol,thelargerthetree-themoreaffluentthefamilywhichsportedit.
TheHighVictorianofthe1890'swasachild'sjoytobehold!
Astallastheroom,andcrammedwithglitterandtinselandtoysgalore.Eventhe'middleclasses'managedtoover-decoratetheirtrees.Itwasacaseof'anythinggoes'.Everythingthatcouldpossiblygoonatreewentontoit.
By1900themedtreeswerepopular.Acolourthemesetinribbonsorballs,atopicalideasuchasanOrientalTree,oranEgyptianTree.TheyweretobethelastofthegreatChristmasTreesforsometime.WiththedeathofVictoriain1903,theNationwentintomourningandfinetreeswerenotreallyinevidenceuntilthenostalgiaoftheDickensianfashionofthe1930's.
TheAmericanTree
InAmerica,ChristmasTreeswereintroducedintoseveralpockets-theGermanHessianSoldierstooktheirtreecustomsinthe18thcentury.InTexas,CattleBaronsfromBritaintooktheircustomsinthe19thcentury,andtheEastCoastSocietycopiedtheEnglishCourttreecustoms.
SettlersfromalloverEuropetooktheircustomsalsointhe19thcentury.DecorationswerenoteasytofindintheshantytownsoftheWest,andpeoplebegantomaketheirowndecorations.Tinwaspiercedtocreatelightsandlanternstoholdcandleswhichcouldshinethroughtheholes.Decorationsofallkindswerecutout,stitchedandglued.TheGeneralStoreswerehuntinggroundsforoldmagazineswithpictures,rollsofCottonBatting(CottonWool),andtinsel,whichwasoccasionallysentfromGermanyorbroughtinfromtheEasternStates.ThePaper'Putz'orChristmasCribwasapopularfeatureunderthetree,especiallyintheMoravianDutchcommunitieswhichsettledinPennsylvania.
TheBritishtreeinthe20thcentury
AfterQueenVictoriadied,thecountrywentintomourning,andthetreesomehowdiedwithherforawhileinmanyhomes.Whilesomefamiliesandcommunitygroupsstillhadlargetinselstrewntrees,manyoptedforthemoreconvenienttabletoptree.Thesewereavailableinavarietyofsizes,andtheartificialtree,particularlytheGooseFeatherTree,becamepopular.Thesewereoriginallyinventedinthe1880'sinGermany,tocombatsomeofthedamagebeingdonetoFirtreesinthenameofChristmas.
InAmerica,theAddisBrushCompanycreatedthefirstbrushtrees,usingthesamemachinerywhichmadetheirtoiletbrushes!
Thesehadanadvantageoverthefeathertreeinthattheywouldtakeheavierdecorations.
After1918,becauseoflicensingandexportproblems,Germanywasnotabletoexportitsdecorationseasily.ThemarketwasquicklytakenupbyJapanandAmerica,especiallyinChristmasTreelights.
Britain'sTomSmithCrackerCompanywhichhasexportedChristmasgoodsforoverthreedecades,begantomanufacturetreesthemselvesforashortwhile.
Inthe1930'sTherewasarevivalofDickensiannostalgia,particularlyinBritain.ChristmascardsallsportedCrinolineladieswithmuffsandbonnetspopularinthe1840's.ChristmasTreesbecamelarge,andrealagain
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