博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题.docx
- 文档编号:29620656
- 上传时间:2023-07-25
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:17
- 大小:26.92KB
博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题.docx
《博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题.docx(17页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题
博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题
每套题时间3个小时
考试注意事项
1.本试题5大题,共10页,请考生注意检查,考试时间180分钟。
2.1–70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处,否则不给分。
3.翻译和作文写在答题纸上,写在试题上无效。
中、英文翻译应做到字迹清晰、书写工整。
I.ReadingComprehension(30%;onemarkeach):
PassageOne
TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaeconomicsystem.
Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
1.InPara.1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means___.
A.Americansneverfeelsatisfiedwiththeirincomes.
B.Americanstendtooverstatetheamountoftheirincomes.
C.Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased.
D.Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes.
2.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphclarifytheideatousthat___.
A.producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction.
B.consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers.
C.producersdecidethepricesofproducts.
D.supplyanddemandregulateprices.
3.Theword“embraces”inPara.3probablyparallels___.
A.enfold
B.hug
C.comprehend
D.support
4.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby___.
A.privatepropertyandrightsconcerned.
B.manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol.
C.ownershipofproductiveresources
D.freecontractsandprices.
5.Thepassageismainlytalkingabout___.
A.howAmericangoodsareproduced.
B.howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods.
C.howAmericaneconomicsystemworks.
D.howAmericanbusinessmanmaketheirprofits.
PassageTwo
Theconflictbetweengoodandevilisacommonthemerunningthroughthegreatliteratureanddramaoftheworld,fromthetimeoftheancientGreekstoallthepresent.Theprinciplethatconflictistheheartofdramaticactionwhenillustratedbyconcreteexamples,almostalwaysturnsupsomeaspectofthestrugglebetweengoodandevil.
Theideathatthereisneithergoodnorevil--inanyabsolutemoralorreligioussense―iswidespreadinourtimes.Therearevariousrelativisticandbehavioristicstandardsofethics.Ifthesestandardsevenadmitthedistinctionbetweengoodandevil,itisasarelativematterandnotaswhirlwindofchoicesthatliesatthecenterofliving.Inanysuchstateofmind,conflictcanatbest,beonlyapettymatter,lackingtrueuniversality.Theactsoftheevildoerandofthevirtuousmanalikebecomedramaticallyneutralized.ImaginethereducedeffectofCrimeandPunishmentorTheBrothersKaramazoc,hadDostoevskythoughtthatgoodandevil,asportrayedinthosebooks,werewhollyrelative,andifhehadhadnoconvictionaboutthem.
Youcan'thaveavitalliteratureifyouignoreorshunevil.WhatyougetthenistheworldofPollyanna,goody-goodyinplaceofthegood.Cry,TheBelovedCountryisagreatanddramaticnovelbecauseAlanPaton,inadditiontobeingaskilledworkman,seeswithcleareyesbothgoodandevil,differentiatesthem,pitchesthemintoconflictwitheachother,andtakessides.HeseesthatthenativeboyAbsalomKumalo,whohasmurdered,cannotbejudgedjustlywithouttakingintoaccounttheenvironmentthathashadpartinshapinghim.ButPatonsees,too,thatAbsalomtheindividual,notsocietytheabstraction,committedtheactandisresponsibleforit.Mr.Patonunderstandsmercy.Heknowsthatthispreciousthingisnotevokedbysentimentalimpulse,butbyasearchingexaminationoftherealitiesofhumanaction.Mercyfollowsajudgment;itdoesnotprecedeit.
OneofthenovelsbythetalentedPaulBowles,LetItComeDown,isfullofmotion,fullofsensationaldepravities,andisacrashingbore.Thebookrecognizesnoevil,andiscoldlyindifferenttothemoralbehaviorofitscharacters.Itisalongshrug.Suchaviewoflifeisnon-dramaticandnegatesthevitalessenceofdrama.
6.Inourage,accordingtotheauthor,astandpointoftentakenintheareaofethicsisthe_____.
A)relativisticviewofmorals
B)greaterconcernwithreligion
C)emphasisonevil
D)greaterconcernwithuniversals
7.Theauthorbelievesthatingreatliterature,asinlife,goodandevilare____
A)relative
B)unimportant
C)constantlyinconflict
D)dramaticallyneutralized
8.Whentheauthorusestheexpression"itisalongshrug"inreferringtoBowles'sbook,he
iscommentingonthe___
A)lengthofthenovel
B)indifferencetothemoralbehaviorofthecharacters
C)monotonyofthestory
D)sensationaldepravitiesofthebook
9.Intheopinionoftheauthor,Cry,TheBelovedCountryisagreatanddramaticnovelbecauseofPaton's____.
A)insightintohumanbehavior
B)behavioristicbeliefs
C)treatmentofgoodandevilasabstractions
D)willingnesstomakemoraljudgments
10.Theword"shun"inthe1stsentenceinparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.
A)shut
B)attend
C)show
D)avoid
PassageThree
Thephrase"civildisobedience"isusuallyattributedtothenineteenth-centuryAmericanphilosopherHenryDavidThoreau.Althoughtheconceptisunquestionablymucholder(itsroots lieinancientGreekphilosophy),thedesignationisnonethelesstelling:
peopletendtocreditThoreau,anAmerican,withtheideabecausecivildisobedience,isahallmarkofAmericanethicsandpolitics.Theclashbetweenthedictatesofindividualconscienceononehand,andtheimperativesofcivillawontheother,formsmuchofthiscountry'shistory.ExamplesrangefromtheincidentsleadinguptotheRevolutionthroughthemanysocialprotestsofthe1960'S.
Whatconstitutesanactofcivildisobedience?
First,anactofcivildisobediencerequiresaformallegalstructurethatisenforcedbythegovernment.Second,itrequiresasitstargetaspecificlaworpolicy,ratherthantheentirelegalsystem.Thisistrueeveniftheprotester'sultimategoalistoalterradicallythelegalsystem;anactofcivildisobediencemustbedirectedagainstoneconcreteexampleofthatsystem'sinequities.TheAmericancivilrightsmovement,forexample,firsttargeteddiscriminationonpublictransportation,thenuseditsvictoriesasaspringboardtoaddressotherinjustices.Third,theactmustbedonepublicly,becausetheeffectivenessofsuchaprotestdependsonitsabilitytomobilizepublicsentimentagainsttheprotest'starget.Finally,thoseprotestingmustunderstandthepenaltiestheiractsentail—usuallyjailing--andbewillingtoacceptthosepenalties.Thislastrequirementstrengthenstheact'seffectonpublicopinion,sinceitservestounderscoretheinjusticeoftheprotest'starget.
11.Theword"telling"inthe2ndsentenceinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto_____.
A)inappropriate
B)revealing
C)insignificant
D)challenging
12.Inthepassage,theauthormentionsthatthecivilrightsmovement_______.
A)focuseditsearlyeffortsonpublictransportation
B)didnotalwayspracticecivildisobedience
C)startedinnineteenthcentury
D)usedtheRevolutionof1776asitsmodel
13.Accordingtothepassage,forwhichofthefollowingreasonsshouldcivilprotestsbedonepublicly?
A)Toalterthelegalsysteminradicalway.
B)Toupholdtheimperativesofcivillaw.
C)Tostimulatepublicsupportforacause.
D)Toannouncethesuccessofapreviousactofcivildisobedience.
14.Theauthorsuggeststhatwhenprotestersgotojail_______.
A)ithelpsconvincethepublictosupporttheircause
B)theyusuallydosounwillingly
C)itisbecausetheirprotesthasnotgoneaccordingtoplan
D)theyarealwaysreleasedalmostimmediately
15.Inthe2ndparagraph,theauthor________.
A)arguesthatcivildisobedienceisunnecessary
B)providesanextensivehistoryofcivildisobedience
C)presentsseveraldifferingviewpointsoncivildisobedience
D)definestheco
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 博士研究生 入学考试 英语 模拟 试题