专业英语专业英语八级分类模拟题阅读理解十八.docx
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专业英语专业英语八级分类模拟题阅读理解十八.docx
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专业英语专业英语八级分类模拟题阅读理解十八
专业英语八级分类模拟题阅读理解(十八)
READINGCOMPREHENSION
TEXTA
Whatistheobjectiveofmandatingpaidfamilyleave?
Proponentsofferrationalesthatrangefrom"Itwillhelpfamilies"to"TheU.S.istheonlyrichcountrythatdoesn'thaveit."Thesecondismerelyirrelevant;thefirstisplainwrong.Mandatingpaidfamilyleavewillhelpneitherwomennortheirfamilies,becauselegislationcannotchangethelawsofeconomics.
Ifthegoalistoretainwomeninthelaborforce,thenmandatedfamilyleaveisapoorinstrumentatbest,andthoroughlycounter-productiveatworst.Peoplewillbuylessofsomethingwhenitspriceincreases.Thatisthelawofdemand,presentedonthefirstdayofEcon101.Mandatedpaidfamilyleavemakesitmoreexpensivetohireworkers,particularlywomen.Thatmakesemployerslesswillingtohirewomen,especiallythosewithlimitededucationorskillswhotypicallydothekindofworkit'seasytofindsomeoneelsetodo.Iftheobjectiveistohelppoorwomenremainemployed,mandatedpaidfamilyleavewilldoexactlytheopposite.
TheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct,enactedin1990,providesanobjectlessonaboutignoringunintendedconsequencesoffeel-goodpoliciesmeanttoprotectthevulnerable.TheeffectoftheADAwasexactlythereverseoftheintent—namely,toprotectthedisabledintheworkplace.WithinfiveyearsoftheADA'spassage,employmentfordisabledmenfellto49percent,comparedwith60percentbeforethelawwasenacted.Employers,facedwiththecostofaccommodationandthethreatoflitigation,chosetherationaloption-theycutbackonhiringthedisabled.Whenthecostofhiringaworkerrises,demandforthatworkerfalls.Mandatedpaidfamilyleavewillhavethesameeffectonwomenforpreciselythesamereasons.
That'sthedemandside.Butthereisalsoasupplysideeffect.
InGermany,whichhadagenerouspaidfamilyleavelaw,evidenceshowsitutterlyfailedtokeepwomeninthelaborforce.Infact,verylongparentalleavecorrelateswithwomenleavingthelaborforcepermanently.Inanefforttokeepwomeninthelabormarket,Germanycutthedurationofitspaidparentalleavebyhalfin2007.Withinayearofthatreform,therewasa14percentsurgeinwomenreturningtothework.Otherstudiesshowthatanyparentalleavebeyond20weeksactuallyreducestheincentiveforanewmothertocomebacktoworkatall.
Work-for-payprogramsliketheEarnedIncomeTaxCreditarefarmoreeffectiveathelpingwomenparticipateinthelaborforcethanpaidfamilyleave.Gettingridofthe"marriagepenalty"wouldalsohelp.Marriedwomenarecurrentlytaxedmoreheavilythansinglewomeninmanycountries,includingtheUnitedStates.Movingtoa"neutral"taxsystem,wheretheleveloftaxationdoesnotdependonmaritalstatus,wouldprovidewomenwithanimprovedincentivetoincreaseparticipationinthelaborforce,accordingtoastudybytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD..It'sallaboutdemand,supply,andprices.Whentheafter-taxwage(the"price")increases,morewomenwillbewillingtowork(thatis,supplyincreases).Ataxcuthastheadvantageofnotincreasingcoststoemployers,sothereisnodecreaseindemand,astherewouldbewithamandatedpaidleaveprovision.
Itisfurthermorenotclearthatmandatedpaidfamilyleaveistheoptionfamiliesfind"friendliest"totheirneeds.Bydefinition,paidleavecreatesastrongmarketbiastowardfull-timework,sincethosearetheonlyworkerseligibleforthebenefit.Butthereisplentyofevidencethatflexibleworkarrangementsandtheavailabilityofpart-timeworkarehighlysuccessfulatreturningmotherstotheworkforce.Havingbothpartners/parentsworkingfulltimeisnotwhatallfamilieswant.Asitis,U.S.womenworkfulltimeatfarhigherratesthanwomeninmanycountries,quiteoftenbecausetheyhavenochoice.Howisthisfamilyfriendly?
Ifthegoalistohelpfamilies,thenthefocusshouldbeonimplementingpolicyoptionsthatincreaseflexibilityandchoicesthatfamilieshave,notreducethem.Atthesametime,whenemployersstruggletocomplywithexpensiveorinflexiblemandates,itmakesitthatmuchhardertoaccommodatetheworkersthosepoliciesareattemptingtohelp.
Totrulyhelpfamilies,thefederalgovernmentshouldlookforwaystoreducetheregulatoryburdenonemployerssothattheycanexperimentwithalternativeworkarrangements.Ontheotherside,thetaxcodeneedstochangetoreflectthesocialimportanceoffamily,byendingthemarriagepenaltyandissuinghigherchildtaxcredits.
Families1、PaidfamilyleavehavethefollowingeffectsonwomenEXCEPTthat
A.itraisesthecostofhiringwomen.
B.itcausessomewomentolosejobspermanentlyafteralongparentalleave.
C.itreducesthemotivationofwomentocomebacktoworkafteralongparentalleave.
D.itrequiresahighertaxonmarriedwomen.
2、Whichofthefollowingsentencesimpliesacomparisoninsteadofacontrast?
A.Iftheobjectiveistohelppoorwomenremainemployed,mandatedpaidfamilyleavewilldoexactlytheopposite.(Para.2)
B.Mandatedpaidfamilyleavewillhavethesameeffectonwomenforpreciselythesamereasons.(Para.3)
C.Marriedwomenarecurrentlytaxedmoreheavilythansinglewomeninmanycountries,includingtheUnitedStates.(Para.6)
D.Ataxcuthastheadvantageofnotincreasingcoststoemployers,sothereisnodecreaseindemand,astherewouldbewithamandatedpaidleaveprovision.(Para.6)
3、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTgoodforwomenandtheirfamilies?
A.EarnedIncomeTaxCredit.
B.Marriagepenalty.
C.Part-timeworkarrangements.
D.Higherchildtaxcredits.
4、Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpaidfamilyleaveistrueaccordingtothepassage?
A.TheUSistheonlycountrythatdoesn'tmandatepaidfamilyleave.
B.PaidfamilyleavehasthesameeffectonwomenaswhattheADAhasondisabledmen.
C.In2008,14%ofwomenwhohadtakenparentalleavecamebacktowork.
D.Peoplewhoworkparttimecanbenefitfrompaidfamilyleave.
5、Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?
A.TheArgumentagainstPaidFamilyLeave
B.EffectsofPaidFamilyLeave
C.PoliciesBetterThanPaidFamilyLeave
D.WhatIsReallyGoodforWomenandTheirFamilies
TEXTB
GeorgeWilliams,oneofScottsdale'slastremainingcowboys,hasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhouse,thehorsestorodeos.ButMrWilliamsisstompingmad.
Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighbours,mostofthemnewcomers,tookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties.Arizonaisanopen-rangestate:
livestockhavetherightofwayandthereisnofinefortrespassing.Thishasbeenonthelawbookssince1913.MrWilliams,whoiselderlyandinpoorhealth,isangrythathehastospendsomuchofhistimefieldingcomplaintsandretrievingstolencattle.
SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1,213ofArizona's8,507farmscloseddowninthepast5years.Manycattlemenaremovingouttomoreremotepartsofthestate.Arablefarmersarestruggling,too.NormanKnox,arespectedgrainfarmerinGilbert,recentlylearnedthattheownerofhisrentedlandwantstobuildcondos.MrKnoxis72andhastomove.Hereckonsthat50-70%ofthefarmlandinGilberthasbeensoldfordevelopmentinthepasttwoyears.
Thisaffectsnotonlycowboysandfarmers,butsmallbusinessmentoo.For20years,GaryYoung,ownerofGilbert'sHigleyFeed,soldrangeblocksandcubestocattlemenwhofedthemtocattleduringthedroughts.But18monthsagoheswitchedtosellingpetfoodandbabychickstonewhome-owners.
DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen'sAssociation,atradegroup.HesaysArizona'slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalues,highermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilroles.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMrWilliams'scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon'tlikethenoise,thepesticidesandthesmellofmanure.
Localsworryabouttheprecious,dwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona'stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingscowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusual,andmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona'sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean.
Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercializearealandvanishingculture.InPrescott,estateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofbacklithorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRow,afamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt'sSaloononSaturdaynight,realcattlemencouldnotbefound.
FarmfolklikeMrKnoxandMrWilliamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattlehandspart-time.Oldercowboysaren'tsurewhattodo.
6、WhichofthefollowingdetailsofGeorgeWilliams'situationisINCORRECT?
A.Thelivestockinhisstatehavesomeprivileges.
B.Hishorsesannoyedsomeofhisnewneighbors.
C.
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