理工A资料.docx
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理工A资料.docx
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理工A资料
+第三十四篇BatteriesBuiltbyViruses
Whatdochickenpox,thecommoncold,theflu,andAIDShaveincommon?
They’realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tinymicroorganismsthatcanpassfrompersontoperson.It'snowonderthatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses,findingwayst0steerclearofvirusesiswhat'sonpeople'sminds.
Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarders,though.InCambridge,Massachusetts,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomevirusescanbehelpfulinanunusualway.Theyareputtingvirusestowork,teachingthemtobuildsomeoftheworld'ssmallestrechargeablebatteries.
Virusesandbatteriesmayseemlikeanunusualpair,butthey'renotsostrangeforengineerAngelaBelcher,whofirstcameupwiththeidea.AttheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge,sheandhercollaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecaseofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowaboutbiology,technologyandproductiontechniques.
Belcher'steamincludesPaulaHammond,whohelpsputtogetherthetinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery.“We’reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon’tassociatewithnature.”saysHammond.
Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA.CandDbatteriesinyourhand.Thecoin—likebatteriesthatpowerwatchesareoftensmallerthanapenny.However。
everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayersorcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink,ordinarybatterieswon'tbesmallenoughtofitinside.
Theidealbatterywillstorealotofenergyinasmallpackage.Rightnow,Belcher'smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslikearegularwatchbattery.Butinside,itscomponentsareverysmall—sotinyyoucanonlyseethemwithapowerfulmicroscope.
Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?
Togetsomeideaofthesize,pluckonehairfromyourhead.Placeyourhaironapieceofwhitepaperandtrytoseehowwideyourhairis—prettythin,right?
Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shairisabitdifferent,youcouldprobablyfitaboutl0ofthesevirus—builtbatteryparts,sidetoside,acrossonehair.Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses.
词汇:
chickenpox水痘microorganismn.微生物metallicadj.金属的collaboratorn.合作者,协作者pluckv.拔,摘,采
注释:
1.nowonder:
不足为奇的,难怪
2.steerclearof:
避开,绕开
3.though:
意思为“然而,可是”。
在句中使用时通常放在句末。
4.Cambridge,Massachusetts:
马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。
本文第三段提到的theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。
麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉·巴罗吉杰斯创立。
这是美国的一所私立研究型大学,培养高级科技人才和管理人才,是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。
5.cameupwith:
提出
6.A,CandDbatteries:
A、C、D均为电池型号。
7.Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses:
这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。
作者想表达的意思是:
人们一直认为病毒有害无益,现在病毒可用来制作电池,人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。
练习:
1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peopletryto
A.killmicroorganismsrelatedtochickenpox,theflu,etc.
B.keepthemselvesawayfromvirusesbecausetheyareinvisible.
C.stayawayfromvirusesbecausetheyarecausesofvariousdiseases.
D.curethemselvesofvirus—relateddiseasesbytakingmedicines.
2.WhatisBelcher'steamdoingatpresent?
A.Itisfindingwaystogetridofviruses.
B.Itismass—producingmicrobatteries.
C.Itismakingbatterieswithviruses.
D.Itisanalyzingvirusgenes.
3.Whatexpressionbelowisoppositeinmeaningtotheword"shrink"appearinginparagraph5?
A.Broaden.
B.Spread.
C.Extend.
D.Expand:
4.WhichofthefollowingistrueofBelcher'sbatterymentionedinparagraph6?
A.Itismadeofmetal.
B.Itisakindofwatchbattery.
C.Itcanonlybeseenwithamicroscope.
D.Itisametallicdiskwithvirusesinsideit.
5.Howtinyisonebatterypart?
A.Itswidthisonetenthofahair.
B.Itequalsthewidthofahair.
C.Itisasthinasapieceofpaper.
D.Itswidthistootinytomeasure.
答案与题解:
1.C短文第一段的大致意思是,许多疾病都由病毒引起,诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病,所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。
这是C所表达的意思。
A不是正确选择,因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。
B的后半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和D的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提到.
2.C短文的第二段明确提供了答案。
3.D根据上下文,shrink在此的意思是“收缩”,即“缩小”。
所以,它的反义词是expand(增大,扩张)。
C不是正确选择,因为extend的意思是becomelonger,即“延伸”或“加长”。
A的意思是“加宽”,也不是答案。
B的意思是“伸展,展开”,在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词,但在第五段这个语境里,B不是最佳选择。
4.D第六段第二句中提到的metallicdisk是指“金属圆盘”,它是微型电池的外形,其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。
微型电池不是由金属组成的,所以A不是答案。
本段提到,这种电池lookslikearegularwatchbattery,与手表里电池外形相似,但并不等同手表电池,所以B也不是正确选择。
文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到,所以C也不是正确的选择。
D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容,因此是答案。
5.A短文最后一段的第四句(“youcouldprobablyfitaboutloofthesevirus-builtbatteryparts,sidetoside,acrossonehair”)提供了本题的答案。
+第三十六篇ListeningDeviceProvidesLandslideEarlyWarning
AdevicethatprovidesearlywarningofalandslidebymonitoringvibrationsinsoilisbeingtestedbyUKresearchers.Tiledevicecouldsavethousandsofliveseachyearbywarningwhenanareashouldbeevacuated,thescientistssay.Suchnaturaldisastersarecommonincountriesthatexperiencesudden,heavyrainfall,andcanalsobetriggeredbyearthquakesandevenwatererosion.
Landslidesstartwhenafewparticlesofsoilorrockwithinaslopestarttomove,buttheearlystagescanbehardtospot.Followingthisinitialmovement,“slopescanbecome.unstableinamatterofhoursorminutes,”saysNellDixonatLoughboroughUniversity1,UK.Hesaysawarningsystemthatmonitorsthismovement“mightbeenoughtoevacuateablockoffiatsorcleararoad,andsavelives.”
Themostcommonwaytomonitoraslopeforsignsofanimminentlandslideistowatchforchangesinitsshape.Surveyorscandothisbymeasuringasitedirectly,orsensorssunkintoboreholesorfixedabovegroundcanbeusedtomonitortheshapeofaslope.Slopescan,however,changeshapewithouttriggeringalandslide,soeithermethodispronetocausingfalsealarms.NowDixon’steamhasdevelopedadevicethatlistensforthevibrationscausedwhenparticlesbeginmovingwithinaslope.
Thedevicetakestheformofasteelpipedroppedintoaboreh01einaslope.Theboreholeisfilledinwithgravelaroundthepipetohelptransmithigh-frequencyvibrationsgeneratedbyparticleswithintheslope.Thesevibrationspassupthetubeandarepickedupbyasensoronthesurface.Softwareanalysesthevibrationsignaltodeterminewhetheralandslidemaybeimminent.
Thedeviceiscurrentlybeingtestedina6-metre-tallartificialclayembankmentinNewcastle2,UK.Earlyresultssuggestitshouldprovidefewerfalsepositivesthanexistingsystems.Onceithasbeencarefullyandthoroughlytested,thedevicecouldbeusedtocreateacompleteearly-warningsystemfordangerousslopes.
“Locationswithasignificantriskoflandslidescoulddefinitelybenefitfromamachinelikethis,”saysAdamPoulter,anexpertattheBritishRedCross.“Aslongasitdoesn’tcosttoomuch.”But,Poulteraddsthatanearly-warningsystemmaynotbeenoughonitsown.“Youneedtohavethehumancommunication,”hesays.“Makingsystemsthatgetwarningstothosewhoneedthemcanbedifficult.”
词汇:
landsliden.山崩;地滑;塌方imminentadj.即将发生的vibrationn.振动sensorn.传感器evacuatev.疏散,撒走boreholen.钻孔,井眼rainfalln.降雨,降雨量graveln.砾,沙砾,砾石erosionn.腐蚀,侵蚀embankmentn.堤岸
注释:
1.LoughboroughUniversity:
拉夫堡大学。
该大学地处英格兰东部的拉夫堡市,始建于1909年的拉夫堡学院,1966年获得皇家特许正式成为综合大学。
2.Newcastle:
纽卡斯尔。
英格兰东北部的一个自治区,位于利兹(Leeds)以北泰纳(theTyncRiver)河畔。
练习:
1.Whatdoes“Suchnaturaldisasters”inthefirstparagraphreferto?
ASudden,heavyrainfall.BEarthquakes.CWatererosion.DLandslides.
2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoflandslides?
ATheinitialmovementishardtospot.BTheystartwithamovementofafewparticlesofsoilorrock.CTheycanbedestructiveinamatterofhoursorminutes.DAlloftheabove.
3.Whydoresearchersdevelopanewdevicetomonitorsignsoflandsides?
ABecausethenewdevicecanmeasurethesitedirectly.BBecausethenewdevicecanbesunkintoboreholesorfixedaboveground.CBecausethecommonmethodscancausefalsealarms.DBecausethecommonmethodsareuseless.
4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofthedevice,according1oParagraph4?
AItisfilledinwithgravel.BItconsistsofasteelpipe.CItisdroppedintoahoreholefilledinwithgravel.DItisconnectedtoasensoronthesurface.
5.Accordingtothecontext,whatdoestheword“positives”inthefifthparagraphmean?
APositiveelectriccharges.BEvidences.CWarnings.DPredictions.
答案与题解:
1.D短文第一段的第一句告诉我们,英国研究人员正在测试一种仪器,这种仪器可以通过监测土壤的振动来预警山崩。
该段最后一句说,这种灾难经常在一些遭受自然灾害的国家发生,这些自然灾害包括sudden,heavyrainfall和earthquakes以及watererosion。
所以D是正确选择。
2.DA、B、C的内容都可在第二段中找到。
所以D是正确答案。
3.C第三段的第一和第二句告诉我们,最为普通的监测山崩方法是对山坡形状变化的观察,有两种观察方式;第三句说,因为山坡形状的变化不一定导致山崩,所以两种方法都会有虚假的预警。
因此,C是正确答案。
4.AB、C、D所述内容都可在第四段中找到。
Theboreholeisfilledinwithgravelaroundthepipe.在被凿出的洞里填充沙砾,围在钢管四周。
不是在钢管里填充沙砾。
所以A是错误的说法,是正确的选择。
5.Bpositives在此用作名词,意思是:
被证实的因素或特点,可以理解为证据。
+第三十七篇"Don'tDrinkAlone"GetsNewMeaning
Inwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubs,aEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1,500patientsfromfourcancerstudies2andanother3,500adultswhohadneverhadcancer.
Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumed,theyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmeals3facedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoralcavity,pharynx,andesophagus,whencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngeal4cancer.“Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursites5tracedtosmokingordrin
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