土地资源治理外文文献翻译.docx
- 文档编号:29515904
- 上传时间:2023-07-24
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:18
- 大小:32.12KB
土地资源治理外文文献翻译.docx
《土地资源治理外文文献翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《土地资源治理外文文献翻译.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
土地资源治理外文文献翻译
本科毕业论文
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目:
RuralandUrbanLandDevelopment
andLandTenureSystems:
AComparisonbetweenSouthAfricaandBotswana
文献、资料来源:
网络
文献、资料发表(出版)日期:
院(部):
治理工程学院
专业:
土地资源治理
班级:
姓名:
学号:
指导教师:
翻译日期:
外文文献:
RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMS:
ACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICAANDBOTSWANA
SusanBouillon
LegalAdvisor:
CityCouncilofPretoria
INTRODUCTION
FranklinD.Rooseveltoncesaidthat‘Everypersonwhoinvestsinlandnearagrowingcity,adoptsthesurestandsafestmethodofbecomingindependent,forlandisthebasisofwealth.’
ThepurposeofthispaperistodiscusstheruralandurbanlanddevelopmentandlandtenuresystemsofSouthAfricaandBotswana,andtoexplaintheircontributionstourbansustainability.
DEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINBOTSWANA
BotswanaislocatedatthecentreoftheSouthAfricanplateau,andisborderedbySouthAfricaonthesouthandsoutheast,ZimbabweonthenortheastandNamibiaonthewestandnorthwest.Approximately23%ofthepopulationisinurbanareasand77%inruralareas.Botswanahasarichtribalculture,andthereforeitisnotsurprisingthattheBotswanalegalsystemconsistsoflocaltribalcourts,whichadjudicatetraditionalmattersandTribalLandBoards,whichruleonlandusemattersintriballandsandtraditionalvillages.TownCouncilsruleonlandusemattersinurbanareas.
ThegovernmentofBotswanahasadoptedasystemofdevelopmentplanningwhichhascopedrelativelywellcomparedwithotherAfricancountries.Developmentplanninginvolvesthepreparationoflanduseplansforbothurbanandruralareas.ThepracticeinBotswanaisthatthepublicismadeawareoftheimplicationsoflanduseplansbeforelandiszonedforvarioususes.Publicawarenessandparticipationisensuredbygivinglandusersanopportunitytoselectpreferredlanduseoptionsfromarangeofoptionsdeterminedthroughtheevaluationofphysicalandeconomicsuitabilityoflandresources(bottom-upapproach).
PROPERTYRIGHTSANDLANDTENUREINBOTSWANA
ItisthepolicyoftheGovernmentthatallcitizensshouldhaveeasyandequalaccesstoland.Inordertorealizethis,threelandtenuresystemshavebeenputinplace.Triballandcovers71%ofthetotallandareaofthecountry.Itisallocatedtocitizensfreeofchargeforalltypesofuses.Statelandisownedbythestateandcomprises23%ofthetotalarea.MostofthislandisusedasNationalParks,orForestandGameReserveswithinwhichnosettlementsarepermitted.However,asmallpercentageofthislandisallocatedforresidentialpurposes,particularlyinurbancenters.Freeholdlandcomprisesonly6%ofthetotalareaandisprivatelyowned.Mostofthegovernmentpoliciestodatearethereforedirectedattriballand.
RURALLAND
Priortoindependence,Botswanahadestablishedtraditionalwaysofallocatingandmanagingtriballandanditsresourcesthroughchiefsandcommunities.Soonafterindependence,theauthoritytoallocatetriballandwasshiftedfromthechiefstotheTribalLandBoardswhichwereestablishedbytheTribalLandAct,butthemanagementoftheresourcesremainstheresponsibilityoftheusersandtheircommunities.Accordingtothisact,almost71%oftheavailablelandisadministeredastriballandaccordingtoanintegratedsystemofcustomarylandtenure.Althoughthetenurialrulesfortriballandhavebeenchangedconsiderablybythisact,itisconsideredaveryinnovativewaytocombineindividuallandtenuresecuritywithtriballand-use.
TheLandBoardswereestablishedforaspecifiedtribalterritory,andtookovertheadministrativefunctionsfromchiefsandothertribalauthorities.TitleofthelandvestedintheLandBoards.TheLandBoardswereinitiallyentitledtomakecustomaryandcommonlawgrants,forresidential,grazingorcultivationpurposes,tomembersofthedifferenttribeslivinginthespecifiedterritoriesonly,butsince1993anycitizenofBotswanaisentitledtoapplyfortheserights.LandBoardsmaintaintheirownrecordorregistrationsystemandrightsarenotregisteredinthecentraldeedsregistrationsystemofBotswana,apparentlytokeepthemmoreaffordable.TheLandBoardsareentitledtoissuecertificatesofcustomarygrantsorcertificatesofoccupation.Provisionhasbeenmadefortheconversionofthesecertificatesintotitlesregistrableinthedeedsregistryoncedemandarisestodealwiththesecertificatesinthecommerciallendingmarket.Anychangeinright-holdermustbereportedtothelandboardinordertomaintaintheaccuracyoftherecordsystemofthelandboard.Shelterprovisioninruralareashasbeenonindividualsinitiatives.Themostimportantprerequisiteforhousingdevelopment,whichisaccesstoland,hasnotreallybeenadisturbingissueduetothefactthatallmaleandfemalecitizensareallocatedtriballandforfree,butinanefforttofacilitateshelterprovisioninruralareas,thegovernmentintendstointroducearuralhousingprogramme.
LanduseplanningisnotanewphenomenoninBotswana.Pastexperiencesandrecordsindicatethatthetraditionalchiefswhohadauthorityonlandhavealwaysdonesomeformoflanduseplanning.FormallanduseplanninginBotswanastartedwiththeimplementationoftheTribalGrazingLandPolicyin1975,whensomeareaswerezonedforwildlifeuse,othersbecamereservedareas,whileotherareascontinuedtobeforcommunaluse.Thispolicyenabledindividualsorgroupstohaveexclusiveuseoflandinareaszonedforsuchuse.Theserightsarepermanent,exclusionaryandinheritable.Theymayonlyberevokedbythelandboardincircumstanceswheretheright-holderfailstoutilizethelandontermsspecifiedbythelandboard,orfailstodevelopthelandaccordingtothespecifiedpurposeswithinfiveyearsorwherethelandwasnotdistributedfairly.Intheseinstances,thelanddoesnotreverttothegovernmentbutisreallocatedbythelandboardtootherapplicants.Thispolicywasthereforeamajorprogrammethroughwhichruraldevelopmentwastobeachieved.
Thedistrictsuptonowcontinuetoprepareandupdatetheirrespectiveintegratedlanduseplans.Inthepreparationofsuchplansthecommunitieshavemajorinputswithregardtothevariouslanduses.Thisisinrealizationofthefactthattohaveanimplementableandsustainablelanduseplan,thecommunitiesshouldbetheoneswhodecidetheusesonaparticulartypeofland.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatnotalldistrictshavesuchplans.
URBANLAND
AnurbancentreinBotswanaisdefinedasAllsettlementsonstatelandandsettlementsontriballandwithapopulationof5000ormorepersonswithatleast75%ofthelaborforceinnon-agriculturaloccupations.Generally,anurbancentreshouldbeseentoprovideitspopulationwithinfra-structuralandenvironmentalservicessimilartothatwhichexistsinamoderncity.Rural-urbanmigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthegrowthofurbanareas.Severalurbandevelopmentpolicieshavebeenevolvedovertheyearstoguidethegrowthanddevelopmentoftheurbanareas.DuetothefactthatalargepartofthepeopleofBotswanaarelivinginruralareas,mostofthedevelopmentisaimedattheruralareas,butafewprogrammeswereintroducedinordertobetterthecircumstancesofthoselivinginurbanareas.TheSelfHelpHousingProgrammewasintroducedtoassistthelowincomeurbanhouseholdstodeveloptheirownhouses.Underthisscheme,theGovernmentprovidesbasicservicessuchasroads,waterstandpipes,andapit-latrinetoeachplot.PlotholdersweregiventenurialsecuritythroughaCertificateofRights.Thisprogrammehasalsobeenusedinupgradingthesquattersettlementswhichexistedpriortoitsinception.
Shortageofservicedlandhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemajorconstraintstourbanhousingdevelopment.Thereforeamajorlandservicingprogramme,theAcceleratedLandServicingProgramme,wasintroduced.Theobjectiveoftheprogrammewastoservicelandforalluses,suchasresidential,commercialandindustrial,inallurbanareas.AHousingDepartmenthasbeenestablished,whichischargedwiththeresponsibilityofpromotinghousingdevelopmentandimprovementthroughpolicyinitiativesthatcreateanenablingenvironmentforshelterprovision.
TheTownandCountryPlanningAct,whichisthemainlegislationguidingphysicalplanninginBotswana,makesprovisionsforanorderlyandprogressivedevelopmentandcontroloflandinbothurbanandruralareas.TheUrbanDevelopmentStandardsandtheDevelopmentControlCodealsofacilitatetheorderlyplanningofsettlements.Sustainableurbandevelopmentdependsontheavailabilityofcleanwatersupplyandprovisionofinfrastructureforsanitationandwastemanagement.Anintegratedapproachintheprovisionofenvironmentallysoundinfrastructuresinhumansettlementsisseenasaninvestmentthatfosterssustainabledevelopmentandthatcanimprovethequalityoflife,increaseproductivity,improvehealth,andreducepoverty.
Althoughtheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentgainedprominenceontheinternationalsceneonlyafewyearsback,ithasbeenoneoftheobjectivesofdevelopmentplanninginBotswanasinceindependencein1966.Thetermhasappearedasanobjectiveinallthesubsequentdevelopmentplans,butitsmeaninghasbeenexpandedtoreflectthechangingdevelopmentrealitiesovertheyears.
LANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHAFRICA
TheshapeandformofthecitiesinSouthAfricaaretheresultofconsciousapartheidplanninginthepast.WhenSouthAfrica’sfirstdemocraticallyelectedgovernmentcameintopowerin1994,itinheritedthefragmented,unequalandincoherentplanningsystemswhichdevelopedunderapa
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 土地资源 治理 外文 文献 翻译