英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导.docx
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英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导.docx
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英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导
2011TEM8语言学复习——2011年1月14日
英语专业八级考试样题《高校英语专业八级考试大纲(2004年新版)》
38.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationis_______
A.morphologyB.generallinguistics
C.phonologyD.semantics
39.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?
ALandladyBGreenhouseCUpliftDUnacceptable
40Theword“holiday”originallymeant“holyday”;butnowthewordsignifiesanydayonwhichwedon’thavetowork.Thisisanexampleof
AmeaningshiftBwideningofmeaning
CnarrowingofmeaningDlossofmeaning
2005
38.Syntaxisthestudyof
A.languagefunctions.B.sentencestructures.
C.textualorganization.D.wordformation.
39.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?
A.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Culturaltransmission.D.Finiteness.
40.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby
A.JohnSearle.B.JohnAustin.
C.NoamChomsky.D.M.A.K.Halliday.
2006
38.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionof
A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context
39.Thewords"kid,child,offspring"areexamplesof
A.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonyms
C.emotivesynonymsD.collocationalsynonyms
40.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby
A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure
2007
38._______referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.
A.PhonologyB.Morphology
C.SemanticsD.Sociolinguistics
39.ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowingEXCEPT
A.lexicalB.syntactic
C.phonologicalD.psycholinguistic
40.Thewordtailoncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal.”Thisisanexampleof
A.wideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaning
C.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning
2008
38.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?
A.Arbitrariness.B.Displacement.
C.Duality.D.Diachronicity.
39.Whattypeofsentenceis“Marklikesfiction,butTimisinterestedinpoetry.”?
A.Asimplesentence.B.Acoordinatesentence.
C.Acomplexsentence.D.Noneoftheabove.
40.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalled
A.hyponymy.B.synonymy.
C.polysemy.D.homonymy.
2009
38Thestudyofthementalprocessesoflanguagecomprehensionandproductionis
AcorpuslinguisticsBsociolinguuisticsCtheoreticallinguisticsDpsycholinguistics
39Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguagesandisusedbyspeakersofdifferentlanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled
AdialectBidiolectCpidginDregister
40Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming
AanillocutionaryactBaperlocutionaryact
CalocutionaryactDnoneoftheabove
2010
38._______referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.
A.LanguageacquisitionB.Languagecomprehension
C.LanguageproductionD.Languageinstruction
39.Theword"Motel"comesfrom"motor+hotel".Thisisanexampleof_______inmorphology.
A.backformationB.conversion
C.blendingD.acronym
40.Languageisatoolofcommunication.Thesymbol"HighwayClosed"onahighwayserves_______.
A.anexpressivefunctionB.aninformativefunction
C.aperformativefunctionD.apersuasivefunction
能初步具备英语语言学知识根据最新考试中国纲的要求,英语专业八级考试从2005年开始增加了人文考试的题型,比例也将按3(语言学):
3(文学):
4(史、地、文化知识等)执行,题目广度很大。
语言学主要考六大章,1.语言与语言学;2.语音学与音系学;3.构词法;4.句法;5.语义学;6.语用学
PartOneIntroduction
1.WhatisLanguage
1.1DefinitionofLanguage:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage:
arbitrariness任意性,duality二重性,productivity能产性,displacement移位性,culturaltransmission文化传播,等
1.3Functionsoflanguage:
Phaticfunction,directivefunction,informativefunction,interrogativefunction,expressivefunction,evocativefunction,performativefunction
1.4Originoflanguage
2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
3.TheScopeofLinguistics
Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.
Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.(Itstudieshowspeechsoundsarearticulated,transmittedandreceived.)
Phonology(音韵学\音位学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.(Itstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllable.)
Morphology(词法、形态学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.(Itisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning:
morphemesandword-formationprocesses.)
Syntax(句法学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.
Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.
Pragmatics(语用学)isthestudyofmeaningincontext.
以上研究的是语言本身,是狭义语言学的范畴。
Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety:
howsocialfactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.
Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind:
thementalstructuresandprocesseswhichareinvolvedintheacquisition,comprehensionandproductionoflanguage.
HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.
Anthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.
Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.
Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconcepts(概念)areapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.
4.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics
4.1SpeechandWriting
Onegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.
4.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(规定性)
Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior. Prescriptive着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态,如标准语法/语音等,为规定人们如何说话、写作;Descriptive着重于语言中“事实Facts”,目的是描述人们一般是怎样说话、写作的
4.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)Studies
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.共时研究Synchronic和历时研究Diachronic.Synchronic:
以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象,如现代汉语研究、莎士比亚时代语言研究等;Diachronic:
研究语言各个阶段的发展变化,研究语言的历史发展规律
4.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)
ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔)earlylastcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.语言Langue和言语Parole(由FerdinanddeSaussure索绪尔提出)
Langue:
指语言系统的整体thewholelinguisticsystem,所有语言使用个体头脑中存储的词语-形象word-image的总和,这个整体相对比较稳定;Parole:
指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语actualuseoflanguage
4.5Competence(语言能力)andPerformance(语言运用)
ThisdistinctionwasputforwardbyN.Chomsky.Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances.语言能力competence与语言运用performance(由NoamChomsky乔姆斯基提出)Competence:
指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备;Performance:
指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用
4.6Syntagmatic横组合andparadigmaticrelations纵聚合关系
PutforwardbySaussure.Theformerreferstothehorizontalrelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,whichformlinearsequences.Thelattermeanstheverticalrelationshipbetweenforms,whichmightoccupythesameparticularplaceinastructure.
4.7Functionalism功能主义andformalism形式主义
PartTwoPhonetics(语音学)
1.Scopeofphonetics
Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:
Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):
wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinateintheprocess.
Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):
wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediatedbytheear,theauditorynerveandthebrain.
Acousticphonetics(声学语音学):
westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmittedbetweenmouthandear.
2.Thevocalorgans
Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream(气流发生器官),theproducerofvoice(声音发生器官)andtheresonatingcavities(声音共振器官)
3.Consonants(辅音)
Placesofarticulation(发音部位):
bilabial(双唇)Labiodentals(唇齿)dental(齿)alveolar(齿龈)post-alveolar(后齿龈)palatal(上颚)velar(软腭)glottal(声门)
Mannersofarticulation(发音方式):
stop/plosive(爆破),nasal(鼻音),retroflex(卷舌),liquid(流音),lateral(边音),fricative(摩擦),affricate(破擦),glide(滑音)
4.Vowels(元音)
Theclassificationofvowels:
theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),andthedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded)
PartThreePhonology(音韵学、音位学)
1.phoneme(音位):
Itisthesmallestunitofasoundinalanguage,whichcandistinguishtwowords.//adistinctive(有区别的)soundinalanguage.
2.Allophone(音位变体):
Itreferstoanyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme.//Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.
3.Minimalpairs(最小对立体):
Itreferstotwowordsinalanguage
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