从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异.docx
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从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异.docx
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从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异
从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异
[Abstract] Due to different cultures, English and Chinese people have formed their own modes of thought, which influence their living ways greatly, especially their own languages. Mode of thought is a very complicated abstract conception connected closely to philosophy. In this paper I will mainly concern on English individualism and Chinese entirety, because their difference is the most distinct one existing in modes of thought. English people prefer individualism, which leads them to subordinate the recognized objects into small parts. While Chinese people like entirety, they prefer to take the world as a whole. Thinking patterns have been clearly reflected on languages, as a result of which English is hypotactic and Chinese is paratactic. This paper centers on the differences of hypotactic and paratactic characteristics in languages and their forming reasons—modes of thought. English people prefers to make good use of the hypotactic markers to link the sentence components, while Chinese usually try to understand the world by their own intuition. In this paper the differences are explained through English-Chinese translation and the statistics are also given to prove them.
[Key Words] comparison; mode of thought; languages; English; Chinese
[摘 要] 根源于不同的文化渊源,英汉两族人民形成了他们各自的思维模式。
这种思维模式的差异深深地影响了他们的各种生活方式, 尤其体现在语言上。
思维模式是一个非常复杂抽象的概念,与哲学密切相关。
在这篇论文中我将主要阐释英民族的个体性思维和汉民族的整体性思维,因为它们之间的差异是思维模式中最突出的一面。
英民族偏爱个体性思维,这使他们在认识世界时惯于将认知对象划分为小个体。
然而,汉民族偏爱整体性思维,将世界看成一个整体。
语言深刻地反映了思维模式的这种差异,因此就形成了英语的形合特征和汉语的意合特征。
这篇论文侧重阐述语言中的形合和意合特征以及它们各种的形成原因----思维模式。
英语民族的人民惯于利用形合标志连接句子成分,而汉民族却常常应用自身的直觉来体会世界。
这篇论文将通过英译汉的翻译和统计数据来证实此观点。
[关 键 词] 英汉思维;对比;语言;英语;汉语
1. Introduction
The famous Whorf hypothesis thinks that languages have determining effects on modes of thought, which is formed relatively to languages and different languages will bring on different thinking patterns.[1]p35 Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) holds the opinion that modes of thought has controlled over languages [2]p35, and languages are the concrete manifestation of modes of thought. In my opinion, modes of thought decide the use of languages, and the reasons how languages are influenced by modes of thought should be examined from their relationship.
Modes of thought and languages influence and reflect each other closely. “Thinking patterns, thought characteristics and thinking styles are the philosophical mechanism of language production. Language actually attaches closely to the thought that is the profound mechanism.”[3] p166 Thinking patterns are the deep-rooted mechanism of the forming and developing of languages, and on the other hand languages help to promote the forming and developing of modes of thought. Language is the carrier of thinking and abstraction of reality, and mode of thought is the conscious activity in which people’s minds reflect and realize the objective reality.[4]p36 The differences between thinking patterns are the main reasons that result in the differences of language forms, so I think the study of the features, the transition and the relationship of languages should be started with the study of modes of thought which connect closely with the cultures and the languages. English-Chinese modes of thought have their own characteristics in thinking core, thinking pattern, cognition habits and thinking principles. As a tool for communication the basic attribute of English and Chinese are the same, so there are many similarities during the description and thinking with the two languages. But because of the influence of their own cultures, there are many differences between the two languages, and based on different comparison foundation there are many different kinds of results.
In this paper English-Chinese translation will be given and analyzed in details in order to understand the differences of the modes of thought between English and Chinese through their language manifestations. Statistics will be given to explain the differences of English and Chinese, which is the foundation for my analyzing of the differences of their own thinking patterns. As we know, there are many differences between the two languages, such as hypotaxis and parataxis, passive and active, static and dynamic, imperson and person. But in this passage, I will only mainly discuss from one point which is hypotaxis and parataxis. As Nida states in his book that study from linguistics, the most important different characteristic between Chinese and English is the difference of parataxis and hypotaxis.[5]P13 LiuMiqing holds the opinion that hypotaxis and parataxis are the “unique characteristic” for English and Chinese.[6]P13 The comparison of the difference will be described through statistical description and the deep-rooted reasons of thinking patterns will also be given to explain the forming of the language difference.
2. The example of the English to Chinese translation
2.1 English original
We know that clean energy technologies have great appeal to the developing world beyond the value we in the developed world attach to their capacity to limit climate change. Africa, for example, barely accounts for 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It’s not surprising then that our partners on this continent are more concerned with the development potential of sustainable energy. The price volatility of Africa’s hydrocarbon imports has played havoc with each state’s economy over recent decades and stymied progress. REEEP (Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership)’s support for proven renewable technologies, such as solar water heating and co-generation ---which of course rely on local products which don’t need to be imported---will greatly increase the reliability of Africa’s energy supply, and thereby help spur development.
The creating of a more even distribution of energy supply will, in turn, fuel new employment and commercial opportunities, particularly in rural areas. Renewable sources then will help to address the social inequality across the globe that we see in the currently marked and unacceptable difference between rich and poor nations in terms of access to and use of energy supplies. [7]P269
2.2 The Chinese translation
清洁性能源技术因为能够缓解气候变化而受到我们发达国家的青睐。
同样,这种技术对发展中国家也有巨大的吸引力,但其价值却不止于此。
例如,非洲的温室效应排放量勉强占世界总量的1%。
因此,我们在本大陆的伙伴更加关注可持续性能源的发展潜能也就不足为奇了。
最近几十年来非洲烃进口价格的不稳定性已经给各国经济造成了巨大破坏并妨碍了发展。
再生性能源与能源效率合作组织(PEEEP)对已证实的再生性能源技术的资助,如太阳能热水器和热电联产技术—当然,这只依赖本地产品,不必进口—将大大增加非洲能源供应的可靠性,从而促进发展。
反过来,建立更均衡的能源供应可以提供新的就业和商业机会,尤其是在农村地区。
在能源供应的选择与使用方面,我们看到富国与贫国之间存在着今人难以接受的显著差距,再生性能源将有助于消除这种全球性的社会不公。
[8]P274-275
3. The main aspect of the differences ---hypotaxis and parataxis
Resulted from different thinking patterns there are so many different characteristics between English and Chinese. The complete study of the language characteristics surely will require many effects and time, so based on my own limited knowledge, I will only try to explain the characteristics of hypotaxis and parataxis and their forming results.
In my own opinion the characteristics of hypotaxis and parataxis are the most important differences, and the analysis of them can let us better understand the two languages and their own modes of thought.
3.1 The definitions of the two concepts
The differences of hypotaxis and parataxis should be examined based on the theory, and next I will first give a description of their concepts and combine them to the English-Chinese translation analyzing some sentences in details.
3.1.1 The definition of hypotaxis
The so called hypotaxis refers to the case that the component parts of a sentence are joined together by using definite connectives, such as preposition, relative pronouns, conjunction, affixes, etc.[9]P35
3.1.2 The definition of parataxis
Parataxis means that the component parts of the sentence are placed in a definite order to indicate their relationship without any connectives in between. So, the syntactic structure appears to be somewhat loose, but rather concise and expressive. [10]P36
3.2 Example
(1) English original:
We know that clean energy technologies have great appeal to the developing world beyond the value we in the developed world attach to their capacity to limit climate change.
Chinese version:
清洁性能源技术因为能够缓解气候变化而受到我们发达国家的青睐。
同样,这种技术对发展中国家也有巨大的吸引力,但其价值却不止于此。
3.3 The analysis based on this example
In this example the words in the italics are the markers of hypotaxis. From the sentences we can see that there are nine hypotactic markers in the English version, while in its Chinese version only five markers.
The connective “that”is the marker of objective clause to show that the clause after “that” is what “We know”, but in its Chinese version the phrase “We know that” is not translated literally. In English the phrase “We know that” is the hypotactic marker to show that what stated later is the common knowledge for us, and what the author want to say should be marked in the language forms. While in Chinese the phrase is not needed to be translated because Chinese is a kind of paratactic language and it places the emphasis on logical procedure, function and meaning. In Chinese sense overweigh structure, so the readers can understand the meanings by themselves.
Also there are four propositions in the English original version, which show the relationship between the phrases before and after these propositions. While in Chinese version there are only one proposition, which is “对”.
What is more, the “-ing” and “-ed” are also the hypotactic markers, which show the different degree of the states making the relationship between the components very clear, while in Chinese there is not any this kind of affixes to show their relationship.
3.4 The description of the two concepts in more details
Jia Dejiang (贾德江) state
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