《简爱》中的女权主义研究.docx
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《简爱》中的女权主义研究.docx
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《简爱》中的女权主义研究
ResearchonFeminisminJaneEyre
Abstract:
ThethesismakesathoroughanalysisoftheheroineJane’sfeministconsciousnessbymeansoftheapproachofthefeministcriticism.Itfirstgivesabriefintroductiontothedefinitionandconnotationsofthefeminism.ThenitdealswiththeembodimentoftheheroineJane’sfeministconsciousnessfromthreeaspects.Theyare:
rebellionofthetraditionalwomen’simage,pursuitofequalityandpursuitoftheindependentpersonality.FinallyitexploresthereasonsfortheformationofJane’sfeministconsciousnessfromtheriseofthebourgeoisdemocraticreformandherharshlivingconditions.
Keywords:
JaneEyre;feministconsciousness;equality;independentpersonality
简爱中的女权主义研究
摘要:
本文采用女性主义的批评方法对小说《简爱》中的女主人公简的女性意识进行了全面分析。
首先简要地介绍了女性主义的定义和基本内涵;然后,从三个方面论述了女主人公简的女性意识的体现,它们分别是:
传统女性形象的反叛,追求平等和人格的独立。
最后从资产阶级民主改革的掀起和艰难的生存环境等方面探讨了其女性意识形成的原因。
关键词:
:
《简爱》;女性意识;平等;独立的人格
Introduction
CharlotteBrontewasborninapriest’sfamilyin1816inthenorthofEngland.HerfatherwasanAnglicanclergymanandhermotherdiedearly,sosheandhersisterswereunderthecareoftheirstrict,religiousaunt.Whentheywereyoung,thechildrenoftheBrontelistenedtothestoriesofthecountryfolkandenjoyedtheirimagination,whichinspiredthemtocreatestories.In1824,CharlotteandhertwosistersenteredtheClergyDaughter’sSchoolatCowanBridge.SheattendedRoeHeadSchoolbetween1831and1832,andthentaughtatthesameschoolinthefollowingdecade.AsanotableEnglishrealisticfemalewriterinthe19thcentury,sheisconsideredtobethebrighteststarofthefemaleliteratureinEnglishandwaspraisedasoneoftheprominentnovelistsinmodernBritainbyMarx.HermostfamousnovelJaneEyreplacesanemphasisonwomen’slove,marriageandfamilylife,andindirectlymanifeststhefeministconsciousnessfromtheperspectiveoftheheroine.
Inthepast40yearsCharlotteBronte’sreputationhasrisenrapidly,andfeministcriticismhasdonemuchtoshowthatshewasspeakingupfortheoppressedwomenofeveryage.HermasterpieceJaneEyrehasneverlostitsglamourandshewasstillregarded,asoneofthemostoutstandingBritishwriters.JaneEyreisagreatworkofbothaliterarymotifandsocialdocumentintheformofafictionalautobiography,Charlotte’sreallifeexperienceandsufferingsareallreflectedinthenovel.Thenovelisfullofprofoundintention,complicatedplotsandsincereemotion.Italsoshowsitsuniqueartisticcharmandliteraturevalues,ithasbecomethetopicofscholars’argumentandscholarskeeponexploringitspotentialintentions,delicateskillsandwritingstyle.InJaneEyre,Charlottecreatedtheimageofapassionateyoungwomanwithstrongconsciousnessoffeminism,independenceinspirit,angerofman’sdomination,pursuitoftrueloveandincreasingrebel.Theseaspectsareworthyofourstudy.Thoughmanyscholarshavebeguntobeinterestedinthem,theresearchesarefarfromover.ThispapertriestoanalyzethefeministconsciousnessoftheheroineinJaneEyre.ThroughthestudyoftheprotagonistJaneEyreandtheembodimentofherfeministconsciousnesswhichreflectedthefemale’sdesireandpursuitinthetwentiethcentury,wecanknowmoreaboutthecontemporaryfemaleconsciousness.
1.IntroductiontoFeminism
Inthispart,wearegoingtointroducewhatisfeminismanditsconnotations.
1.1DefinitionofFeminism
Feminismisacollectionofsocialtheories,politicalmovements,andmoralphilosophieslargelymotivatedbyorconcernedwiththeliberationofwomen.Insimpleterms,feminismisthebeliefinsocial,politicalandeconomicequalityofthesexes,andamovementorganizationaroundthebeliefthatgendershouldnotbethepre-determinantfactorshapingaperson’ssocialidentityorsocio-politicaloreconomicrights.Alargeportionoffeministsareespeciallyconcernedwithwhattheyperceivetobethesocial,politicalandeconomicinequalitybetweenthesexeswhichfavorsthemalegender;somehavearguedthatgenderedandsexedidentities,suchas“man”and“woman”,aresociallyconstructed.Feministsdisagreeaboutwhatsexismconsistsin,andwhatexactlyoughttobedoneaboutit;theydisagreeaboutwhatitmeanstobeawomanoramanandwhatsocialandpoliticalimplicationsofgenderhasorshouldhave.Nonetheless,motivatedbythequestforsocialjustice,feministinquiryprovidesawiderangeofperspectivesonsocial,culturalandpoliticalphenomena.Importanttopicsforfeministtheoryandpoliticsinclude:
thebody,classandwork,disability,thefamily,globalization,humanrights,popularculture,raceandracism,reproduction,science,theself,sexwork,andsexuality.
1.2ConnotationsofFeminism
Theterm“feminism”hasmanydifferentusesanditsmeaningsareoftencontested.Forexample,somewritersusetheterm“feminism”torefertoahistoricallyspecificpoliticalmovementintheUSandEurope;otherwritersuseittorefertothebeliefthatthereareinjusticesagainstwomen,thoughthereisnoconsensusontheexactlistoftheseinjustices.Althoughtheterm“feminism”hasahistoryinEnglishlinkedwithwomen’sactivismfromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Itisusefultodistinguishfeministideasorbeliefsfromfeministpoliticalmovements,foreveninperiodswhichtherehasbeennosignificantpoliticalactivismaroundwomen’ssubordination,individualshavebeenconcernedwithandtheorizedaboutjusticeforwomen.
Inthemid-1800stheterm‘feminism’wasusedtorefertothequalitiesof“females”.AnditwasnotuntilaftertheFirstInternationalWomen’sConferenceinParisin1892thatthetermwasusedregularlyinEnglishforabeliefinandadvocacyofequalrightsforwomenbasedontheideaofthegenderequality.Althoughtheterm“feminism”inEnglishwasrootedinthemobilizationforwomansuffrageinEuropeandtheUSduringthelate19thandearly20thcentury,ofcourseeffortstoobtainjusticeforwomendidnotbeginorendwiththisperiodofactivism.Sosomehavefounditusefultothinkofthewomen’smovementintheUSasoccurringin“waves”.Thestruggletoachievebasicpoliticalrightsduringtheperiodfromthemid-19thcenturyuntilthepassageoftheNineteenthAmendmentin1920countsas“FirstWave”feminism.Feminismwanedbetweenthetwoworldwars.Inthelate1960’sandearly1970’sitwas“revived”as“SecondWave”feminism.Inthissecondwave,feministspushedbeyondtheearlyquestforpoliticalrightstofightforgreaterequalityacrosstheboard,e.g.,ineducation,theworkplace,andathome.Morerecenttransformationsoffeminismhaveresultedina“ThirdWave”.ThirdWavefeministsoftencritiqueSecondWavefeminismforitslackofafflationtothedifferencesamongwomenduetorace,ethnicity,class,nationality,religion,andemphasize“identity”asasiteofgenderstruggle.However,somefeministscholarsobjecttoidentifyingfeminismwiththeseparticularmomentsofpoliticalactivism,onthegroundsthateclipsethefactthattherehasbeenresistancetomaledominationthatshouldbeconsidered“feminist”throughouthistoryandacrosscultures:
i.e.Feminismisnotconfinedtoafew(White)womenintheWestoverthepastcenturyorso.Moreover,evenconsideringonlyrelativelyrecenteffortstoresistmaledominationinEuropeandtheUS,theemphasison“First”and“Second”Wavefeminismignorestheongoingresistancetomaledominationbetweenthe1920’sand1960’sandtheresistanceoutsidemainstreampolitics,particularlybywomenofcolorandworkingclasswomen.
Inmanyofitsforms,feminismseemstoinvolveatleasttwogroupsofclaims,onenormativeandtheotherdescriptive.Thenormativeclaimsconcernhowwomenought(oroughtnot)tobeviewedandtreatedanddrawonabackgroundconceptionofjusticeorbroadmoralposition;thedescriptiveclaimsconcernhowwomenare,asamatteroffact,viewedandtreated,allegingthattheyarenotbeingtreatedinaccordancewiththestandardsofjusticeormoralityinvokedinthenormativeclaims.Togetherthenormativeanddescriptiveclaimsprovidereasonsforworkingtochangethewaythingsare;hence,feminismisnotjustanintellectualbutalsoapoliticalmovement.
2.TheEmbodimentoftheFeministConsciousnessinJaneEyre
2.1RebellionoftheTraditionalWomen’sImage
“Frailty,thynameiswoman.”
ThisfamousstatementinShakespeare’sHamletremindspeopleoftheconventionalopinionofwoman’simageinapatriarchalworld.Inaworldwherewomanhasnorights,nomatterwhetheritisarealworldoranimaginaryworldofliterature,itseemsthattherolesandpersonalitiesofwomenarepredestinedandexpressedbylogocentricismasbeingeitheranglesorwhores.Theidealimageofalovelywomanshouldbethatoffairandflower-likefeatures;thestatusofwomaninsocietyandfamilyisalwaysobjectiveandsubordinate.Womenhaveservedmenforcenturiesasmirrorsreflectingthemattwicetheirnaturalsize.Forwomen,traditionsandconventionsofthenineteenthcenturyhavestrictlyrequiredwomenhowtoplaytheirproperroles,howtobeagoodgirl,aneligiblewifeandmother.ButasforJane,shebreaksthroughthetraditionalwomen’simage.
The19thcenturywasoneinwhichmenwereinthedominatingposition.Younggirlsweretoldthatitwasfortheirbestintereststobecomemen’svassal.ButJanedoesnotresignherselftosuchsubmission,denyinghermaterialandmoralinferioritytoboys.SheseesthatshehassomepowertochallengetheauthorityofJohnandMrs.Reed.SherefusestosubmittoJohnReedandMrs.Reedbutchallengesthetraditionwhichwomenaresubordinatetomen.
Inheraunt’sfamily,sheprotestsagainsthercousin—JohnReedan
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