语言学导论课后习题答案.docx
- 文档编号:29413626
- 上传时间:2023-07-23
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:34
- 大小:29.77KB
语言学导论课后习题答案.docx
《语言学导论课后习题答案.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学导论课后习题答案.docx(34页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
语言学导论课后习题答案
eandtheformationofwords.
“”
nounsdonotchangeformtoexpressplurality.Similarly,someregularverbsdonotchangeformtoindicatepasttense.Inthesetwocases,thenounorverbcontainstwomorphemes,amongwhichthereisone“zeroform”ofamorpheme.
ularchangeswhentheyareinpasttense.Inthiscase,theverbsalsohavetwomorphemes.Wordswhicharenotrelatedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeirrootsarecalledsuppletives.
ewordsbythemselves.Thesemorphemesarecalledfreemorphemes.
ionbetweenafreemorphemesandaboundmorphemeiswhetheritcanbeusedindependentlyinspeechorwriting.
s
aredividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.
tives.
’
rdbyaddinganaffixtoafreemorpheme.
ness,unfriendliness,etc.Thisprocessofaddingmorethanoneaffixtoafreemorphemeistermedcomplexderivation.
ntlanguageorigin.
nglishcompoundsarethecombinationofwordsfromthethreeclasses–nouns,verbsandadjectives–andfallintothethreeclasses.
thesumofmeaningofthecomponents.
ysyllabicwordbydeletingoneormoresyllables.
eterinarian),gym(gymnasium),fridge(refrigerator)andfax(facsimile)arerarelyusedintheircompleteform.
frog),brunch(amealinthemiddleofmorning,replacingbothbreakfastandlunch),motel(motor+hotel).Thereisalsoaninterestingwordinthetextbookforjuniormiddleschoolstudents–“plike”(akindofmachinethatislikebothaplaneandabike).
erootvision(viewing).Atthesametime,thereisasuffix–sioninEnglishindicatingnouns.Thenpeopleconsiderthe–sioninthewordtelevisionasthatsuffixanddropittoformtheverbtelevise.
tionsareformedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofallwordsinaphraseortitle.
anizationsandscientificterminology.
sofbreadsothathecouldeatwhilegambling.
odakandCoca-cola.
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站:
3Phonology
nthreefundamentalquestions.
nemesandallophones
–
Ifsoundsappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincontrastivedistribution.
sameposition.
soundscanhardlybefoundincontrastivedistributioninEnglish.However,thesesoundsaredistinctiveintermsofphoneticfeatures.Therefore,theyareseparatephonemes.
–
epositionaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
titutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.
tivefeaturesinonelanguagemaybenon-distinctiveinanother.
specificcontextisanothermajorquestioninphonology.
ples.
–
–
asanucleus,whichisusuallyavowel.
canbeputtogether.
algapsbuttheywillneverfillsystematicgaps.
theperceivedprominenceofoneormoresyllabicelementsoverothersinaword.
ondarystress.
.onacertainsyllable.InEnglish,wordstressisunpredictable.
guishutterancemeaning.
uishwords.
-
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站:
2Phonetics
–
–sofspeechsounds
–
Oralcavity
neticAlphabet(IPA).
on(narrowtranscription)asoundmaybetranscribedwithasymboltowhichasmallerisaddedinordertomarkthefinerdistinctions.
antdescription
structed.
soundsareproduced.
inthedirectionofthepalate
arecallednaturalclasses.
第三章“词汇”问题和练习
1.解释下列术语
语素复合词
屈折变化词缀
派生词词根
语素变体词干
粘着语素自由语素
词位词汇
语法词词汇词
封闭类开放类
混成法借词
混合借词转移借词
缩略语脱落
逆构词法同化
异化俗词源
2.给下列词加上适当的否定前缀
a.removablem.syllabic
b.formaln.normal
c.practicableo.workable
d.sensiblep.written
e.tangibleq.usual
f.logicalr.thinkable
g.regulars.human
h.proportionatet.relevant
i.effectiveu.editable
j.elasticv.mobile
k.ductivew.legal
l.rationalx.discreet
3.语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。
那么语素是语法概念还是语义概念?
它跟单位是什么关系?
语素和音位能够构成一个有机整体吗?
4.阅读下面一段话,列出所有能找到的功能词。
(包括be的所有形式,都看作功能词)并给出这段话中功能词的百分比。
Shewasasmallwoman,oldandwrinkled.Whenshestartedwashingforus,shewasalreadypastseventy.MostJewishwomenofherageweresickly,weak,brokeninbody.Butthiswashwoman,smallandthinasshewas,possessedastrengththatcamefromgenerationofpeasantancestors.Motherwouldcountouttoherabagoflaundrythathadaccumulatedoverseveralweeks.Shewouldlifttheheavybag,loaditonhernarrowshoulders,andcarryitthelongwayhome.
5."完全由两个或更多的较小形式构成的自由形式是词组。
不是词组的自由形式是词。
那么,词……是最小的自由形式。
"(布龙菲尔德,1935:
178)
回答下面的问题:
(a)"词"这个术语是有歧义的。
布龙菲尔德的定义想要涵盖哪一种词?
(b)英语中有没有传统认为是词(在"词"的合适意义上)却不能满足布龙菲尔德定义的词?
(c)词的定义中还用到了哪些其他的标准?
6.找出下列混合词的来源。
假如词典中没有提供答案,请根据自己的理解来判断。
(a)bash;(b)smash;(c)glimmer;(d)flimmer;(e)clash;(f)flare;(g)brunch;(h)motel;(i)transistor;(j)medicare;(k)workaholic;(l)spam;(m)telethon;(n)aerobicise;(o)chunnel;(p)chortle;(q)bit;(r)modem;(s)guestimate;(t)threepeat.
7.确定第一栏中词的正确历史语源,并在第二栏或第三栏中选出正确的解释。
栏1栏2栏3
(a)hangnailachingnailhangingnail
(b)femaleamale'scompanionlittlewoman
(c)crayfishcrawlingfishcrab
(d)shamefacedfacereflectingshameboundbyshame
(e)Jordanalmondimportedalmondgardenalmond
(f)sparrowgrassagenusofherbsbirdnestingingrass
(g)belfrebelltowerbell
(h)bridegroomawomanisjustoramanisjust,orabout
abouttobemarriedtobemarried
(i)muskratalargerat-likeanimalalargemuskdeer
(Algonquian:
musquash)
(j)woodchuckanorthAmericangoatanorthAmerican
(Algonquian:
otchek)marmot
8.从下面的逆构词确定本来项目的形式。
(a)asset:
______
(b)burgle:
______
(c)enthuse:
______
(d)greed:
______
(e)hush:
______
(f)automate:
______
(g)donate:
______
(h)escalate:
______
(i)homesick:
______
(j)peddle:
______
(k)diagnose:
______
(l)tuit:
______
(m)amusing:
______
(n)loaf:
______
(o)self-destruct:
______
(p)attrit:
______
(q)hairdress:
______
(r)emote:
______
(s)drowse:
______
(t)frivol:
______
9.确定下列词语的直接语源。
(例如,"meaning"的直接语源是法语,尽管它更远的来源是拉丁语。
)
(a)air:
______
(b)barbecue:
______
(c)bungalow:
______
(d)cola:
______
(e)gusto:
______
(f)Babel:
______
(g)buffalo:
______
(h)cocoa:
______
(i)costume:
______
(j)ill:
______
(k)mule:
______
(l)decreed:
______
(m)revolution:
______
(n)benevolent:
______
(o)lie:
______
(p)topic:
______
(q)subject:
_____
(r)theme:
______
(s)wind:
______
(t)datum:
______
10.把下列词语进行分类,分出借词(LW)、混合借词(LB)、转移借词(LS)、翻译借词(LT):
boobytrap,coconut,loanword,monk,firewater,freeverse,warpaint,yankee.
11.如果有两个词缀-ly,一个生成形容词,另一个附在形容词后生成副词,我们能找到同时包含这两个词缀的词吗?
12.从下列词语中列出后面能加-s的名词。
epiphany,foot,hat,house,kitchen,ox,phenomenon,region,sheep,tomato
13.有没有这样的词缀,能附加在动词后面,不会产生或没有很特殊的意义,而且不会改变动词的类别?
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站:
a.irremovablem.dissyllabic
b.informaln.abnormal
c.impracticableo.unworkable
d.insensiblep.unwritten
e.intangibleq.unusual
f.illogicalr.unthinkable
g.irregulars.inhuman
h.disproportionatet.irrelevant
i.ineffectiveu.uneditable
j.inelasticv.immobile
k.inductivew.illegal
l.irrationalx.indiscreet
3.既然把语素定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位,那么它同时涉及了语言单位的语法方面和语义方面。
一个语素可能就是一个音位,如I(我);但是一个语素通常不是一个音位,如pig(猪),整个单词是一个语素,也就是说pig是具独立的自由语素,但是音位是/p/,/I/和/g/。
4.这段话中包含的功能词有:
she,was,a,and,when,she,for,she,was,past,of,her,were,in,but,this,and,as,she,a,that,from,of,would,to,her,a,of,that,had,over,she,would,the,it,on,her,and,it和the。
整段文章共有85个单诩词。
其中功能词有40个。
所以功能词在这段文章中所占的比例是40/85≈47%
5.(a)布龙菲尔德想把book,books,或者do,does,did,done这样的词自主理成同一个词的不同形式,而不是看作不同的词。
但另一方面,他又主张把John'shat中的John's当作一个词。
同样theboy's(hat)也只是一个词。
由此我们可以看出布龙菲尔德对词的定义,是想要用同样的标准来涵盖不同的语言单位。
(b)像和这样的语法冠词,传统认为是跟所修饰的中心语不同的词。
但是布龙菲尔德不这样看,具体观点参看(a)。
(c)因此,在定义词的范围时,还考虑了语法标准。
例如,thekingofEngland's或者themanIsawyesterday这样一些用作前修饰的成分,布龙菲尔德把它们作为独立的长词处理。
其实这种修饰词,是降级短语,根本就是不词。
6.
(a)bash:
(b)at+m(ash)
(b)smash:
(sm)ack+m(ash)
(c)glimmer:
(g)leam+sh(immer)
(e)clash:
(cl)ap+cr(ash)
(f)flare:
(fl)ame+gl(immer)
(g)brunch:
(br)eakfast+l(unch)
(h)motel:
(mo)tor+ho(tel)
(i)transistor:
(trans)fer+res(ister)
(j)medicare:
(medi)cal+(care)
(k)workaholic:
(work)+alco(holic)
(l)spam:
(sp)iced+h(am)
(m)telethon:
(tele)phone+mara(thon)
(n)aerobicise:
(aerobi)cs+exer(cise)
(o)chunnel:
(ch)uckle+sn(ort)
(p)chortle:
(ch)uckle+sn(ort)
(q)bit:
(b)inary+dig(it)
(r)modem:
(mo)dulator+(dem)odulator
(s)guestimate:
(guess)+es(timate)
(t)threepeat:
(three)+re(peat)
7.确定第一栏中词的正确历史语源,并在第二栏或第三栏中划出正确的单词。
(a)hangnail(由agnail,angnail变化而来)achingnail
(b)female(中古英语:
femel,femelle)amale'scompanion
(c)(中古英语:
jardinalmande)gardenalmond
(d)shamefaced(由asparagus变化而来)boundbyshame
(e)Jordanalmond(中古英语:
jardinalmandegardenalmond
(f)sparrowgrass(由asparagus变化而来)agenusofherbs
(g)belfre(中古英语:
berfrey)belltower
(h)bridegroom(中古英语:
bridegome)amanisjust,orabouttobemarried
(i)muskrat(阿尔冈琴语系:
musquash)alargerat-likeanimal
(j)woodchuck(阿尔冈琴语系:
otchek)anorthAmericanmarmot
8.(a)asset:
(assets)
(b)burgle:
(burglar)
(c)enthuse:
(enthusiasm)
(d)greed:
(greedy)
(e)hush:
(husht)
(f)automate:
(automation)
(g)donate:
(donation)
(h)escalate:
(escalator)
(i)homesick:
(homesickness)
(j)peddle:
(peddler)
(k)diagnose:
(diagnosis)
(l)tuit:
(intuition)
(m)amusing:
(amuse)
(n)loaf:
(loafer)
(o)self-destruct:
(self-destruction)
(p)attrit:
(attrition)
(q)hairdress:
(hairdresser)
(r)emote:
(emotion)
(s)drowse:
(drowsy)
(t)frivol:
(frivolous)
9.(a)air:
中世纪英语
(b)barbecue:
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 导论 课后 习题 答案