英文文献及翻译计算机专业.docx
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英文文献及翻译计算机专业.docx
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英文文献及翻译计算机专业
NET—BASEDTASKMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
HectorGarcia-Molina,JeffreyD.Ullman,JenniferWisdom
ABSTRACT
Innet-basedcollaborativedesignenvironment,designresourcesbecomemoreandmorevariedandcomplex.Besidescommoninformationmanagementsystems,designresourcescanbeorganizedinconnectionwithdesignactivities.
Asetofactivitiesandresourceslinkedbylogicrelationscanformatask.Ataskhasatleastoneobjectiveandcanbebrokendownintosmallerones。
Soadesignprojectcanbeseparatedintomanysubtasksformingahierarchicalstructure.
TaskManagementSystem(TMS)isdesignedtobreakdownthesetasksandassigncertainresourcestoitstasknodes.Asaresultofdecomposition.al1designresourcesandactivitiescouldbemanagedviathissystem.
KEYWORDS:
CollaborativeDesign,TaskManagementSystem(TMS),TaskDecomposition,InformationManagementSystem
1Introduction
Alongwiththerapidupgradeofrequestforadvanceddesignmethods,moreandmoredesigntoolappearedtosupportnewdesignmethodsandforms。
Designinawebenvironmentwithmulti—partnersbeinginvolvedrequiresamorepowerfulandefficientmanagementsystem.Designpartnerscanbelocatedeverywhereoverthenetwiththeirownorganizations.Theycouldbemutuallyindependentexpertsorteamsoftensofemployees.Thisarticlediscussesataskmanagementsystem(TMS)whichmanagesdesignactivitiesandresourcesbybreakingdowndesignobjectivesandre—organizingdesignresourcesinconnectionwiththeactivities。
Comparingwithcommoninformationmanagementsystems(IMS)likeproductdatamanagementsystemanddocumentmanagementsystem,TMScanmanagethewholedesignprocess。
Ithastwotierswhichmakeitmuchmoref1exibleinstructure.
The1owertierconsistsoftraditionalcommonIMSSandtheupperonefulfillslogicactivitymanagementthroughcontrollingatree—likestructure,allocatingdesignresourcesandmakingdecisionsabouthowtocarryoutadesignproject。
Itsfunctioningparadigmvariesindifferentprojectsdependingontheproject’sscaleandpurpose。
Asaresultofthisstructure,TMScanseparateitsdatamodelfromitslogicmode1.Itcouldbringaboutstructureoptimizationandefficiencyimprovement,especiallyinalargescaleproject.
2TaskManagementinNet-BasedCollaborativeDesignEnvironment
2.1EvolutionoftheDesignEnvironment
Duringanet-basedcollaborativedesignprocess,designerstransformtheirworkingenvironmentfromasinglePCdesktoptoLAN,andevenextendtoWAN。
Eachdesignpartnercanbeasingleexpertoracombinationofmanyteamsofseveralsubjects,eveniftheyarefarawayfromeachothergeographically.Inthenet—basedcollaborativedesignenvironment,peoplefromeveryterminalofthenetcanexchangetheirinformationinteractivelywitheachotherandsenddatatoauthorizedrolesviatheirdesigntools.TheCoDesignSpaceissuchanenvironmentwhichprovidesasetofthesetoolstohelpdesignpartnerscommunicateandobtaindesigninformation。
CodesignSpaceaimsatimprovingtheefficiencyofcollaborativework,makingenterprisesincreaseitssensitivitytomarketsandoptimizetheconfigurationofresource。
2.2ManagementofResourcesandActivitiesinNet-BasedCollaborativeEnvironment
Theexpansionofdesignenvironmentalsocausedanewproblemofhowtoorganizetheresourcesanddesignactivitiesinthatenvironment.Asthenumberofdesignpartnersincreases,resourcesalsoincreaseindirectproportion。
Butrelationsbetweenresourcesincreaseinsquareratio.Toorganizetheseresourcesandtheirrelationsneedsanintegratedmanagementsystemwhichcanrecognizethemandprovidetodesignersincaseoftheyareneeded.
Onesolutionistousespecialinformationmanagementsystem(IMS).AnIMScanprovidedatabase,filesystemsandin/outinterfacestomanageagivenresource.ForexamplethereareseveralIMStoolsinCoDesignSpacesuchasProductDataManagementSystem,DocumentManagementSystemandsoon.Thesesystemscanprovideitsspecialinformationwhichdesignuserswant。
ButthestructureofdesignactivitiesismuchmorecomplicatedthantheseIMScouldmanage,becauseevenasimpledesignprojectmayinvolvedifferentdesignresourcessuchasdocuments,draftsandequipments。
Notonlyproductdataordocuments,designactivitiesalsoneedthesupportoforganizationsindesignprocesses。
Thisarticleputsforwardanewdesignsystemwhichattemptstointegratedifferentresourcesintotherelateddesignactivities.Thatistaskmanagementsystem(TMS).
3TaskBreakdownModel
3.1BasisofTaskBreakdown
Whenpeoplesetouttoaccomplishaproject,theyusuallyseparateitintoasequenceoftasksandfinishthemonebyone。
Eachdesignprojectcanberegardedasanaggregateofactivities,rolesanddata。
Herewedefineataskasasetofactivitiesandresourcesandalsohavingatleastoneobjective。
Becauselargetaskscanbeseparatedintosmallones,ifweseparateaprojecttargetintoseverallower—levelobjectives,wedefinethattheprojectisbrokendownintosubtasksandeachobjectivemapstoasubtask.Obviouslyifeachsubtaskisaccomplished,theprojectissurelyfinished。
SoTMSintegratesdesignactivitiesandresourcesthroughplanningthesetasks。
Net—basedcollaborativedesignmostlyaimsatproductsdevelopment.Projectmanagers(PM)assignsubtaskstodesignersordesignteamswhomaylocateinothercities.ThedesignersandteamsexecutetheirowntasksundertheconstraintswhicharedefinedbythePMandnegotiatedwitheachotherviathecollaborativedesignenvironment.Sothedesignersandteamsareindependentcollaborativepartnersandhaveincompactcouplingrelationships.Theyaredriventogetheronlybytheftdesigntasks.AfterthePMhavefinisheddecomposingtheproject,eachdesignerorteamleaderwhohasbeenassignedwithasubtaskbecomea1ow—classPMofhisowntask。
AndhecandothesamethingashisPMdonetohim,re—breakingdownandre—assigningtasks。
SoweputforwardtworulesforTaskBreakdowninanet-basedenvironment,incompactcouplingandobject-driven.Incompactcouplingmeansthelessrelationshipbetweentwotasks.Whentwosubtaskswerecoupledtootightly,therequirementforcommunicationbetweentheirdesignerswillincreasealot.Toomuchcommunicationwil1notonlywastetimeandreduceefficiency,butalsobringerrors.Itwillbecomemuchmoredifficulttomanageprojectprocessthanusuallyinthissituation.Ontheotherhandeverytaskhasitsownobjective。
FromtheviewpointofPMofasuperiortaskeachsubtaskcouldbeablackboxandhowtoexecutethesesubtasksisunknown。
ThePMconcernsonlytheresultsandconstraintsofthesesubtasks,andmayneverconcernwhatwillhappeninsideit。
3。
2TaskBreakdownMethod
Accordingtotheabovebasis,aprojectcanbeseparatedintoseveralsubtasks。
Andwhenthisseparatingcontinues,itwillfinallybedecomposedintoatasktree。
Excepttherootofthetreeisaproject,alleavesandbranchesaresubtasks。
Sinceadesignprojectcanbeseparatedintoatasktree,allitsresourcescanbeaddedtoitdependingontheirrelationship。
Forexample,aSmall—Sized—Satellite。
Design(3SD)projectcanbebrokendownintotwodesignobjectivesasSatelliteHardware.Design(SHD)andSatellite-Software-Exploit(SSE).Anditalsohastwoteams。
DesignteamAanddesignteamBwhichweregardasdesignresources。
WhenAisassignedtoSSEandBtoSHD。
WebreakdowntheprojectasshowninFig1.
Itisaliketomanageotherresourcesinaprojectinthisway.Sowhenwedefineacollaborativedesignproject’staskmodel,weshouldfirstclaimtheproject’stargets。
Thesetargetsincludefunctionalgoals,performancegoals,andqualitygoalsandsoon。
Thenwecouldconfirmhowtoexecutethisproject.Nextwecangoontobreakdownit。
Theprojectcanbeseparatedintotwoormoresubtaskssincethereareat1easttwopartnersinacollaborativeproject。
Eitherwecouldseparatetheprojectintostepwisetasks,whichhavetimesequencerelationshipsincaseofsomemorecomplexprojectsandthenbreakdownthestepwisetasksaccordingtotheirphase-to—phasegoals。
Thereisalsoanothertroubleinexecutingataskbreakdown.Whenataskisbrokenintosevera1subtasks;itisnotmerely“asimplesummotion"ofothertasks.Inmostcasestheirsubtaskscouldhavemorecomplexrelations。
Tosolvethisproblemweuseconstraints。
Therearetimesequenceconstraint(TSC)andlogicconstraint(LC).Thetimesequenceconstraintdefinesthetimerelationshipsamongsubtasks。
TheTSChasfourdifferenttypes,FF,FS,SFandSS。
FmeansfinishandSpresentsstart.IfwesayTabbisFSandlagfourdays,itmeansTbshouldstartnolaterthanfourdaysafterTaisfinished.
Thelogicconstraintismuchmorecomplicated.Itdefineslogicrelationshipamongmultipletasks。
Hereisgivenanexample:
“TaskTAisseparatedintothreesubtasks,Ta,TbandTc.Buttherearetwomorerules。
TbandTccannotbeexecuteduntilTaisfinished。
TbandTccannotbeexecutedboth,thatmeansifTbwasexecuted,Tcshouldnotbeexecuted,andviceversa。
ThisdependsontheresultofTa.”
SowesayTbandTchavealogicconstraint.Afterfinishingbreakingdownthetasks,wecangetatasktreeasFig,2illustrates.
4TMSRealization
4。
1TMSStructure
Accordingtoourdiscussionabouttasktreemodelandtaskbreakdownbasis,wecandevelopaTaskManagementSystem(TMS)basedonCoDesignSpaceusingJavalanguage,JSPtechnologyandMicrosoftSQL2000.Thetaskmanagementsystem’sstructureisshowninFig。
3.
TMShasfourmainmodulesnamelyTaskBreakdown,RoleManagement,StatisticsandQueryandDataIntegration.TheTaskBreakdownmodulehelpsuserstoworkouttas
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