英国文学.docx
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英国文学.docx
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英国文学
英国题型及复习范围
题型
1.作家作品配对10个
2.读课文选段,写出和作品名称和作家姓名共10段
3.回答问题120字
4.评论题(250字)
复习范围
1.记住本学期学过的作家和主要作品。
见每课作者介绍。
2.阅读本学期课堂分析过的课文。
3.思考课后练习题,给出自己的解答。
(以下课后思考题作为复习重点,仅做重点,并非原题)
Page134-135No.1,2
Page154No.1.2
Page.167.No.1.2
Page.179.No.1.3
Page.227.No.1.2.3
Page.273.No.2.3
Page.285.No.1.2.3.
Page.308.No.1
4.要熟悉并能应用以下主要的文学术语。
1)Englishcriticalrealism
请见这一段材料
Inthisperiodoftenseclassstruggleappearedanewliterarytrend-criticalrealism.Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties.ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandgreatartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.ThegreatestEnglishrealistofthetimewasCharlesDickens.Withstrikingforceandtruthfulness,hecreatespicturesofbourgeoiscivilization,describingthemiseryandsufferingsofthecommonpeople.Anothercriticalrealist,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,wasanolesssevereexposerofcontemporarysociety.Thackeray'snovelsaremainlyasatiricalportrayaloftheupperstrataofsociety.ThemethodofcriticalrealismwerefurtheradoptedbysuchwritersasCharlotteandEmilyBronte,andElizabethGaskell.Inthefiftiesandsixtiestherealisticnovelenteredastageofdecline.
TheEnglishcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.Intheirbestworks,thegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclassesarecontrastedwiththehonestyandgood-heartednessoftheobscure"simplepeople"ofthelowerclasses.HencetheuseofhumourandsatireintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Humorousscenesmayattendtheactionsofthepositivecharacters,butthishumouristingedwithlyricismandservestostressthefinequalitiesofsuchcharacters.Atthesametime,bittersatireandgrotesqueisusedtoexposetheseamysideofthebourgeoissociety.Throughthesketchesofvariousnegativecharactersgivenbirthtobythecapitalistsystem,criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.Hereliestherootofthedemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofthecriticalrealismofthe19thcentury.Butthecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Theydidnotrealizethenecessityofchangingthebourgeoissociety.Theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Thechieftendencyintheirworksisnotofrevolutionbutratherofreformism.Theyoftenstartwithapowerfulexposureoftheuglinessofthebourgeoisworld,merelytocloseinamuchtoocoincidentalhappyendingoranimpotentcompromise.Hereweseeatoncethestrengthandtheweaknessofcriticalrealism.
Sofarastheliteraryformor"genre"isconcerned,themajorcontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.Liketherealistsofthe18thcentury,the19thcenturycriticalrealistsmadeuseofthebroadcanvasofthenovelforfullanddetailedrepresentationsofsocialandpoliticalevents,andofthefateofindividualsandofwholesocialclasses.However,therealisticnovelsofthe19thcenturywentastepfurtherthanthoseofthe18thcenturyinthattheynotonlypicturedtheconflictsbetweenseparateindividualswhostoodfordefinitesocialstrata,butalsoshowedthebroadsocialconflictsoverandabovethefateofmereindividuals.WhatwiththeirartisticrepresentationofvitalsocialmovementssuchasChartismandtheirvividdescriptionofdramaticconflictsofthetime,the19thcenturyrealisticnovelsbecome"theepicofthebourgeoissociety".
介绍里面粗体部分是英国批判现实主义的几个要点。
2)StreamofConsciousness代表人物Woolf
Definition:
Streamofconsciousnessischaracterizedbyaflowofthoughtsandimages,whichmaynotalwaysappeartohaveacoherentstructureorcohesion.Theplotlinemayweaveinandoutoftimeandplace,carryingthereaderthroughthelifespanofacharacterorfurtheralongatimelinetoincorporatethelives(andthoughts)ofcharactersfromothertimeperiods.
Writerswhocreatestream-of-consciousnessworksofliteraturefocusontheemotionalandpsychologicalprocessesthataretakingplaceinthemindsofoneormorecharacters.Importantcharactertraitsarerevealedthroughanexplorationofwhatisgoingoninthemind.
AlsoKnownAs:
InteriorMonologue
StreamofConsciousnessisanarrativetechniquethatpresentsthoughtsasiftheywerecomingdirectlyfromacharacter’smind.Lackingchronologicalorder,theeventsinastreamofconsciousnessnarrativearepresentedfromthecharacter’spointofview,mixedinwiththecharacter’songoingfeelingsandmemories.
Theterm"stream-of-consciousness"whichwascoinedbyWilliamJamesinPrinciplesofPsychology(1890)isusedtoindicatealiteraryapproachtothepresentationofpsychologicalaspectsofcharactersinfiction.Itpresentsunspokenmaterialsdirectlyfromthepsycheofthecharacters,ormakethecharacterstelltheirowninnerthoughtsinmonologuesTherealmoflifewithwhichstream-of-consciousnessnovelisconcernedismentalandspiritualexperience,suchassensations,memories,imaginations,conceptions,intuitions,feelingsandtheprocessofassociation.
Streamofconsciousnesswritingisavariantofthethirdpersonpointofview,inwhichthenarratorrelatesonlywhatisexperiencedbyacharacter’smindfrommomenttomoment.
Featuresof StreamofConsciousness
1.Presentsthoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterastheyoccur.
2.Itshowsamindatwork.
3.Itmaycontainpartsthatdonotseencoherentbecausethatarebasedonthefreeassociationofideasandfeelingsofanindividual'smind.
4.Itisin3rdperson
3)Aestheticism代表人物OscarWilde
AestheticismbegantoprevailinEuropeatthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”wasfirstputforwardbytheFrenchpoetTheophileGautier.Followinghim,SwinburneinEnglishliteraturedeclaredthatartshouldservenoreligious,moralorsocialend,noranyendexceptitself.AestheticisminEnglandalsoowedagreatdealtoRuskin,whosesocialandartcriticismpreparedthewayforitsappearance.ThemostimportantrepresentativeofaestheticisminEnglishliteratureisOscarWilde,hismainworksare:
“ThePictureofDorianGray”,“BalladofReadingGoal”andetc.
呼啸山庄
Today,WutheringHeightshasasecurepositioninthecanonofworldliterature,andEmilyBrontëisreveredasoneofthefinestwriters—maleorfemale—ofthenineteenthcentury.LikeCharlotteBrontë’sJaneEyre,WutheringHeightsisbasedpartlyontheGothictraditionofthelateeighteenthcentury,astyleofliteraturethatfeaturedsupernaturalencounters,crumblingruins,moonlessnights,andgrotesqueimagery,seekingtocreateeffectsofmysteryandfear.ButWutheringHeightstranscendsitsgenreinitssophisticatedobservationandartisticsubtlety.Thenovelhasbeenstudied,analyzed,dissected,anddiscussedfromeveryimaginablecriticalperspective,yetitremainsunexhausted.Andwhilethenovel’ssymbolism,themes,structure,andlanguagemayallsparkfertileexploration,thebulkofitspopularitymayrestonitsunforgettablecharacters.AsashatteringpresentationofthedoomedloveaffairbetweenthefiercelypassionateCatherineandHeathcliff,itremainsoneofthemosthauntinglovestoriesinallofliterature.
AnalysisofMajorCharacters
Heathcliff
WutheringHeightscentersaroundthestoryofHeathcliff.Thefirstparagraphofthenovelprovidesavividphysicalpictureofhim,asLockwooddescribeshowhis“blackeyes”withdrawsuspiciouslyunderhisbrowsatLockwood’sapproach.Nelly’sstorybeginswithhisintroductionintotheEarnshawfamily,hisvengefulmachinationsdrivetheentireplot,andhisdeathendsthebook.Thedesiretounderstandhimandhismotivationshaskeptcountlessreadersengagedinthenovel.
Heathcliff,however,defiesbeingunderstood,anditisdifficultforreaderstoresistseeingwhattheywantorexpecttoseeinhim.ThenovelteasesthereaderwiththepossibilitythatHeathcliffissomethingotherthanwhatheseems—thathiscrueltyismerelyanexpressionofhisfrustratedloveforCatherine,orthathissinisterbehaviorsservetoconcealtheheartofaromantichero.WeexpectHeathcliff’scharactertocontainsuchahiddenvirtuebecauseheresemblesaheroinaromancenovel.Traditionally,romancenovelheroesappeardangerous,brooding,andcoldatfirst,onlylatertoemergeasfiercelydevotedandloving.OnehundredyearsbeforeEmilyBrontëwroteWutheringHeights,thenotionthat“areformedrakemakesthebesthusband”wasalreadyaclichéofromanticliterature,andromancenovelscenteraroundthesameclichétothisday.
However,Heathcliffdoesnotreform,andhismalevolenceprovessogreatandlong-lastingthatitcannotbeadequatelyexplainedevenasadesireforrevengeagainstHindley,Catherine,Edgar,etc.Ashehimselfpointsout,hisabuseofIsabellaispurelysadistic,asheamuseshimselfbyseeinghowmuchabuseshecantakeandstillcomecringingbackformore.CriticJoyceCarolOatesarguesthatEmilyBrontëdoesthesamethingtothereaderthatHeathcliffdoestoIsabella,testingtoseehowmanytimesthereadercanbeshockedbyHeathcliff’sgratuitousviolenceandstill,masochistically,insistonseeinghimasaromantichero.
ItissignificantthatHeathcliffbeginshislifeasahomelessorphanonthestreetsofLiverpool.WhenBrontëcomposedherbook,inthe1840s,theEnglisheconomywasseverelydepressed,andtheconditionsofthefactoryworkersinindustrialareaslikeLiverpo
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