Scientificpaperstructure.docx
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Scientificpaperstructure.docx
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Scientificpaperstructure
Scientificpaperstructure
Scientificpaperstructure
WhoseorkdidIreferto?
LiteratureCitedExtraInformationAppendiesSetionHeadings:
MainSetionHeadings:
Eahmainsetionofthepaperbeginsithaheadinghihshouldbeapitalized,enteredatthebeginningofthesetion,anddoublespaedfromthelinesaboveandbelo.DonotunderlinethesetionheadingORputaolonattheend.Exampleofamainsetionheading:
INTRODUCTIONSubheadings:
Whenourpaperreportsonmorethanoneexperiment,usesubheadingstohelporganizethepresentation.Subheadingsshouldbeapitalizedandinstitutionalaffiliationaredouble-spaedfromandenteredbelothetitle.Whenmorethentoauthors,thenamesareseparatedbmasexeptforthelasthihisseparatedfromthepreviousnamebtheord"and".Forexample:
DuksOver-WinterinColoradoBarleFieldsinResponsetoInreasedDailMeanTemperatureImaMallard,UraDrake,andWoodruffDuqueDepartmentofWildlifeBiolog,UniversitofColorado-BoulderTopofpageThetitleisnotasetion,butitisneessarandimportant.Thetitleshouldbeshortandunambiguous,etbeanadequatedesriptionoftheork.Ageneralrule-of-thumbisthatthetitleshouldontainthekeordsdesribingtheorkpresented.Rememberthatthetitlebeesthebasisformoston-lineputersearhes-ifourtitleisinsuffiient,fepeopleillfindorreadourpaper.Forexample,inapaperreportingonanexperimentinvolvingdosingmieiththesexhormoneestrogenandathingforaertainkindofourtshipbehavior,apoortitleouldbe:
MouseBehaviorWh?
Itisvergeneral,andouldbereferringtoanofanumberofmousebehaviors.Abettertitleouldbe:
TheEffetsofEstrogenontheNose-TithCourtshipBehaviorinMieWh?
Beausethekeordsidentifaspeifibehavior,amodifingagent,andtheexperimentalorganism.Ifpossible,givethekeresultofthestudinthetitle,asseeninthefirstexample.Similarl,theabovetitleouldberestatedas:
EstrogenStimulatesIntensitofNose-TithCourtshipBehaviorinMie
4.StrategforWritingTitle.TopofpageABSTRACT
1.Funtion:
Anabstratsummarizes,inoneparagraphstatethepurposeverlearlinthefirstorseondsentene.theexperimentaldesignandmethodsused,learlexpressthebasidesignofthestud.Nameorbriefldesribethebasimethodologusedithoutgoingintoexessivedetail-besuretoindiatetheketehniquesused.themajorfindingsinludingkequantitativeresults,ortrendsreportthoseresultshihanserthequestionsouereaskingidentiftrends,relativehangeordifferenes,et.abriefsummarofourinterpetationsandonlusions.learlstatetheimpliationsoftheansersourresultsgaveou.WhereastheTitleanonlmakethesimpleststatementabouttheontentofourartile,theAbstratallosoutoelaboratemoreoneahmajoraspetofthepaper.ThelengthofourAbstratshouldbekepttoabout200-300ordsmaximumLimitourstatementsonerningeahsegmentofthepapertotoorthreesentenes,ifpossible.TheAbstrathelpsreadersdeidehethertheanttoreadtherestofthepaper,oritmabetheonlparttheanobtainviaeletroniliteraturesearhesorinpublishedabstrats.Therefore,enoughkeinformationmustbeinludedtomaketheAbstratusefultosomeonehomatorefereneourork.TopofpageHodoouknohenouhaveenoughinformationinourAbstrat?
Asimplerule-of-thumbistoimaginethatouareanotherresearherdoinganstudsimilartotheoneouarereporting.IfourAbstratastheonlpartofthepaperououldaess,ouldoubehappiththeinformationpresentedthere?
2.Stle:
TheAbstratisONLYtext.Usetheativevoiehenpossible,butmuhofitmarequirepassiveonstrutions.WriteourAbstratusingonise,butplete,sentenes,andgettothepointquikl.Usepasttense.Maximumlengthshouldbe200-300ords,usuallinasingleparagraph.TheAbstratSHOULDNOTontain:
lengthbakgroundinformation,referenestootherliterature,elliptialorinpletesentenes,abbreviationsortermsthatmabeonfusingtoreaders,ansortofillustration,figure,ortable,orreferenestothem.Topofpage
3.Strateg:
Althoughitisthefirstsetionofourpaper,theAbstrat,bdefinition,mustberittenlastsineitillsummarizethepaper.TobeginposingourAbstrat,takeholesentenesorkephrasesfromeahsetionandputtheminasequenehihsummarizesthepaper.Thensetaboutrevisingoraddingordstomakeitallohesiveandlear.AsoubeemoreprofiientouillmostlikelposetheAbstratfromsrath.
4.Chekourork:
Oneouhavethepletedabstrat,hektomakesurethattheinformationintheabstratpletelagreesithhatisritteninthepaper.Confirmthatalltheinformationappearingtheabstratatuallappearsinthebodofthepaper.TopofpageINTRODUCTION
1.Funtion:
ThefuntionoftheIntrodutionisto:
Establishtheontextoftheorkbeingreported.Thisisaplishedbdisussingtherelevantprimarresearhliteratureandsummarizingoururrentunderstandingoftheproblemouareinvestigating;Statethepurposeoftheorkintheformofthehpothesis,question,orproblemouinvestigated;and,Brieflexplainourrationaleandapproahand,heneverpossible,thepossibleoutesourstudanreveal.Quiteliterall,theIntrodutionmustanserthequestions,"WhatasIstuding?
Whasitanimportantquestion?
WhatdideknoaboutitbeforeIdidthisstud?
Hoillthisstudadvaneourknoledge?
"2.Stle:
Usetheativevoieasmuhaspossible.Someuseoffirstpersonisoka,butdonotoverdoit.Topofpage
3.Struture:
ThestrutureoftheIntrodutionanbethoughtofasaninvertedtriangle-thebroadestpartatthetoprepresentingthemostgeneralinformationandfousingdontothespeifiproblemoustudied.OrganizetheinformationtopresentthemoregeneralaspetsofthetopiearlintheIntrodution,thennarrotoardthemorespeifitopialinformationthatprovidesontext,finallarrivingatourstatementofpurposeandrationale.AgoodatogetontrakistoskethouttheIntrodutionbakards;startiththespeifipurposeandthendeidehatisthesientifiontextinhihouareaskingthequestionourstudaddresses.Onethesientifiontextisdeided,thenou'llhaveagoodsenseofhatlevelandtpeofgeneralinformationithhihtheIntrodutionshouldbegin.HereistheinformationshouldfloinourIntrodution:
BeginourIntrodutionblearlidentifingthesubjetareaofinterest.DothisbusingkeordsfromourTitleinthefirstfesentenesoftheIntrodutiontogetitfouseddiretlontopiattheappropriatelevel.Thisinsuresthatougettotheprimarsubjetmatterquiklithoutlosingfous,ordisussinginformationthatistoogeneral.Forexample,inthemousebehaviorpaper,theordshormonesandbehaviorouldlikelappearithinthefirstoneortosentenesoftheIntrodution.TopofpageEstablishtheontextbprovidingabriefandbalanedrevieofthepertinentpublishedliteraturethatisavailableonthesubjet.Thekeistosummarizehatekneaboutthespeifiproblembeforeoudidourexperimentsorstudies.Thisisaplishedithageneralrevieoftheprimarresearhliteraturebutshouldnotinludeverspeifi,lengthexplanationsthatouillprobabldisussingreaterdetaillaterintheDisussion.Thejudgmentofhatisgeneralorspeifiisdiffiultatfirst,butithpratieandreadingofthesientifiliteratureouilldevelopefirmersenseofouraudiene.Inthemousebehaviorpaper,forexample,ououldbegintheIntrodutionatthelevelofmatingbehavioringeneral,thenquiklfoustomousematingbehaviorsandthenhormonalregulationofbehavior.LeadthereadertoourstatementofpurposehpothesisbfousingourliteraturereviefromthemoregeneralontexttothemorespeifitopiofinteresttoouTopofpageWhatliteratureshouldoulookforinourrevieofhateknoabouttheproblem?
Fousoureffortsontheprimarresearhjournals-thejournalsthatpublishoriginalresearhartiles.Althoughoumareadsomegeneralbakgroundreferenestogetourselfaquiantediththesubjetarea,donotitethese,beasuetheontaininformationthatisonsideredfundamentalor"mon"knoledgeqithinthedisipline.Cite,instead,artilesthatreportedspeifiresultsrelevanttoourstud.Learn,assoonaspossible,hotofindtheprimarliteratureandrevieartilesratherthandependingonreferenebooks.TheartileslistedintheLiteratureCitedofrelevantpapersoufindareagoodstartingpointtomovebakardsinalineofinquir.MostXXdemilibrariessupporttheCitationIndex-anindexhihisusefulfortrakingalineofinquirforardintime.Someoftheneersearhenginesillatuallsendoualertsofnepapersthatitepartiularartilesofinteresttoou.Revieartilesarepartiularlusefulbeausethesummarizealltheresearhdoneonanarrosubjetareaoverabriefperiodoftimeblah,blah..et.ItismostusualtoplaethestatementofpurposeneartheendoftheIntrodution,oftenasthetopisenteneofthefinalparagraph.Itisnotneessartousetheords"hpothesis"or"nullhpothesis",sinetheseareusuallimpliitifoulearlstateourpurposeandexpetations.TopofpageProvidealearstatementoftherationaleforourapproahtotheproblemstudied.Forexample:
Statebrieflhoouapproahedtheproblemtehniqueormethodolog,themeritsofthenetehniquemethodversusthepreviouslusedmethodsshouldbepresentedintheIntrodution.TopofPageMATERIALSANDMETHODSThissetionisvariouslalledMethodsorMethodsandMaterials.
1.Funtion:
Inthissetionouexplainlearlhoouarriedoutourstudinthefolloinggeneralstrutureandorganizationandtheirpre-experimenthandlingandare,andhenandherethestudasarriedoutaboutourexperimentalprotoolsuhthatothersientistsouldreprodueourexperiments.Youshouldalsoindiatethestatistialproeduresusedtoana
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