新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解Unit6.docx
- 文档编号:29300597
- 上传时间:2023-07-22
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:23
- 大小:25.42KB
新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解Unit6.docx
《新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解Unit6.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解Unit6.docx(23页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解Unit6
新视野三版读写B2U6TextA
Doorcloser,areyou?
1Thenexttimeyou'redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimary
andtheotherwhichissecondary,askyourselfthisquestion:
What
wouldXiangYudo?
2XiangYuwasaChineseimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotook
histroopsacrosstheZhangRiveronaraidintoenemyterritory.Tohistroops'
astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingships
burned.
3Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictory
overtheiropponents.Whathesaidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn'trealy
appreciatedbymanyofhisloyalsoldiersastheywatchedtheirvesselsgoup
inflames.ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu'sconvictionwould
bevalidatedbothonthebattlefieldandinmodernsocialscience
research.GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,
aveteranleaderwhowashighlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwho
achievedthesummitofsuccess.
4
He
is
featured
in
Dan
******Ariely'senlighteningnewpublication,PredictablyIrrational,a
fascinatinginvestigationofseeminglyirrationalhumanbehavior,suchasthe
tendencyforkeepingmultipleoptionsopen.Mostpeoplecan'tmarshalthewil
forpainfulchoices,notevenstudentsattheMassachusettsInstituteof
Technology(MIT),whereDr.Arielyteachesbehavioraleconomics.Inan
experimentthatinvestigateddecision-making,hundredsofstudentscouldn't
beartolettheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofitfrom
doingso.
5Theexperimentrevolvedaroundagamethateliminatedtheexcuseswe
usualyhaveforrefusingtoletgo.Intherealworld,wecanalwayssay,"It's
goodtopreserveouroptions."Wantagoodexample?
Ateenageris
exhaustedfromsoccer,balet,piano,andChineselessons,butherparents
won'tstopanyoneofthembecausetheymightcomeinhandysomeday!
6Intheexperimentsessions,studentsplayedacomputergamethatprovided
cashbehindthreedoorsappearingonthescreen.Therulewasthemore
moneyyouearned,thebetterplayeryouwere,givenatotalof100
clicks.Everytimethestudentsopenedadoorbyclickingonit,theywoulduse
uponeclickbutwouldn'tgetanymoney.However,eachsubsequentclickon
thatdoorwouldearnafluctuatingsumofmoney,withonedooralways
revealingmoremoneythantheothers.Theimportantpartoftherulewaseach
doorswitch,thoughhavingnocashvalue,wouldalsouseuponeofthe100
clicks.Therefore,thewinningstrategywastoquicklycheckalthedoorsand
keepclickingontheonewiththeseeminglyhighestrewards.
7Whileplayingthegame,studentsnoticedamodifiedvisualelement:
Any
doorleftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldshrinkinsizeandvanish.Since
theyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignoredthevanishing
doors.Nevertheless,theyhurriedtoclickonthelesserdoorsbeforethey
vanished,tryingtokeepthemopen.Asaresult,theywastedsomanyclicks
rushingbacktothevanishingdoorsthattheylostmoneyintheend.Whywere
thestudentssoattachedtothelesserdoors?
Theywouldprobablyprotestthat
theywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,accordingto
Dr.Ariely,thatisn'tthetruefactor.
8Insteadoftheexcusetomaintainfutureoptionsopen,underneathitalthe
students'desirewastoavoidtheimmediate,thoughtemporary,painof
watchingoptionsclose."Closingadooronanoptionisexperiencedasaloss,
andpeoplearewilingtopayabigpricetoavoidtheemotionofloss,"Dr.Ariely
says.Intheexperiment,thepricewaseasilymeasuredinlostcash.Inlife,the
correspondingcostsareoftenlessobvioussuchaswastedtimeormissed
opportunities.
9"Sometimesthesedoorsareclosingtooslowlyforustoseethemvanishing,"
Dr.Arielywrites."Wemayworkmorehoursatourjobswithoutrealizingthat
thechildhoodofoursonsanddaughtersisslippingaway."
10So,whatcanbedonetorestorebalanceinourlives?
Oneanswer,Dr.
Arielysays,istoimplementmoreprohibitionsonoverbooking.Wecanworkto
reduceoptionsonourown,delegatingtaskstoothersandevengivingaway
ideasforotherstopursue.Hepointstomarriageasanexample,"Inmarriage,
wecreateasituationwherewepromiseourselvesnottokeepoptionsopen.
Weclosedoorsandannouncetootherswe'vecloseddoors."
11Sinceconductingthedoorexperiment,Dr.Arielysayshehasmadea
consciousefforttolessenhisload.Heurgestherestofustoresignfrom
committees,pruneholidaycardlists,rethinkhobbiesandrememberthe
lessonsofdoorcloserslikeXiangYu.
12Inotherwords,Dr.Arielyisencouragingustodiscardthosethingsthat
seemtohaveoutwardmeritinfavorofthosethingsthatactualyenrichour
lives.Wearenaturalyprejudicedtobelievethatmoreisbetter,butDr.Ariely's
researchprovidesadoseofrealitythatstronglysuggestsotherwise.
13Whatpricedowepayfortryingtohavemoreandmoreinlife?
What
pleasureandsatisfactioncanbederivedfromfocusingourenergyand
*attentioninamoreconcentratedfashion?
Surely,wewilhave
ourrespectiveanswers.
*14Considertheseimportantquestions:
Wilwehavemorebyalways
increasingoptionsorwilwehavemorewithfewer,carefulychosen
options?
Whatdoorsshouldwecloseinordertoalowtherightwindowsof
opportunityandhappinesstoopen?
LanguagePoints:
1Thenexttimeyou’redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandthe
otherwhichissecondary,askyourselfthisquestion:
WhatwouldXiangYudo?
(Para.1)
Meaning:
Thenexttimewhenyouaretomakeachoicebetweentwocompetingoptions,
youhavetodistinguishwhichistheprimaryoneandwhichistheminorone.Tobe
enlightened,youcanaskyourselfwhatoptionXiangYuwouldchoose.
Meaningbeyondwords:
ItsuggeststhatXiangYuwasawonderfuldecision-maker.
Note:
Thephraserivaloptionsmeansthatbothoptionsseemlikegoodchoices,butone
choiceissomewhatbetterthantheother.Inthiscase,itistheonethatXiangYuchoseto
implement.
2XiangYuwasaChineseimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotookhis
troopsacrosstheZhangRiveronaraidintoenemyterritory.(Para.2)
Meaning:
XiangYuwasanancientChinesegeneralinthethirdcenturyBC.Heledhis
troopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemyinitsterritory.
3Tohistroops’astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheir
sailingshipsburned.(Para.2)
Meaningbeyondwords:
Tomakesurehistroopswouldwinthebattlequickly,XiangYu
orderedthesoldierstocrushtheircookingpotsandburntheirsailingboatsafterheledhis
troopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemy.Thisway,heclosedthedoorfor
retreatingfromtheenemy’sterritoryandsentoutaclearmessagetohismenthatthey
onlyhadtwochoices:
towinthebattleordieinthebattle.However,hisdecisionwas
obviouslyagainstnormalpractice,whichgreatlyshockedhistroops.
4Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictoryover
theiropponents.(Para.3)
Meaningbeyondwords:
Byhavingtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingships
burned,XiangYuputhistroopsinsuchadesperateconditionthattheywouldn’thaveany
hopetoescapebutfighttosurviveandeventualywinthebattle.Inotherwords,XiangYu
gavehistroopsonlyoneoption.
Usagenote:
rival,opponent
rival和opponent都可以用作名词,都可以表示“对手”,但两者有区别。
1rival指在同一领域中为相同目标相竞争或相匹敌的对手。
例如:
*TheUnitedStates’biggestrivalintechnologicaladvancementisJapan.在技术进步方面,
美国最大的对手是日本。
2opponent指在某次竞赛或某个场合直接面对的对手。
例如:
*He’sthebestopponentI’vecomeacrossthisseason,agreatplayer.他是我本赛季遇到的
最出色的对手,一位了不起的运动员。
比较:
*TheLosAngelesLakers’biggestrivalistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶湖人队最大的对手是波
士顿凯尔特人队。
(指湖人队一直与凯尔特人队在争高低,其竞争对手多年来一直是凯尔特
人队。
)
*TheLosAngelesLakers’opponentinthe2010NBAFinalsistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶
湖人队在2010年NBA总决赛中的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。
(指在2010年NBA决赛中
湖人队的竞争对手是凯尔特人队。
)
3opponent不能用作动词,rival可用作动词,表示“竞争;与…相匹敌”。
例如:
*Shipscan’trivalaircraftforspeed.轮船在速度方面无法与飞机匹敌。
5Whathesaidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn’treallyappreciatedbymanyof
hisloyalsoldiersastheywatchedtheirvesselsgoupinflames.(Para.3)
Meaning:
XiangYu’sorderofcrushingthecookingpotsandburningthesailingshipswas
definitelyinspiringtohistroops,butitwashardlyvaluedbyhisfaithfulsoldiers,who
watchedtheirboatsburning.
*goupinflames:
suddenlybeginburninginawaythatisdifficulttocontrol突然着火
*Thefactorywentupinflameslastnight.昨晚工厂突然着火了。
6ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu’sconvictionwouldbevalidatedbothonthe
battlefieldandinmodernsocialscienceresearch.(Para.3)
Meaning:
However,thehighlevelofinteligenceexpressedinhisstrongbeliefwould
provetobecorrectonthebattlefieldaswelasinmodernsocialscienceresearch.
Note:
Thewordbattlefieldisacompoundword,whichisthecombinationoftwo
nouns:
battleandfield.Therearemoreexamplesofthiskindofcompound
words:
armchair,bedtime,birdhouse,birthplace,bookstore,etc.Themeaningofmany
wordsfromsuchacombinationiseasytoguess:
battlefield—aplacewhereabattleis
beingfoughtorhasbeenfought.Forexample:
*Theycarriedthewoundedsoldiersfromthebattlefield.他们把伤员从战场上抬了下来。
7GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhowas
highlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.
(Para.3)
Meaning:
WhatXiangYudidwasquitedifferentfromwhatwasusuallypracticed.Asan
experiencedleader,hewasverymuchrespectedbyhissold
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 新视野 大学 英语 第三 第二 课文 语法 讲解 Unit6