中国财政科学研究院考博真题英语.docx
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中国财政科学研究院考博真题英语.docx
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中国财政科学研究院考博真题英语
中国财政科学研究院
2016年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
英语试题
PartOne:
StructureandWritingExpression(15points):
Directions:
Thereare15multiple-choicequestionsinthissection.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Markyouranswersonyouranswersheet.
1.We’veseenatrendofconsumerssayingtheywillspendmore,fromholidayshoppingto2015travelplans,andspendingplansforFeb.14arenoexception.
A.consistentB.persistent
C.insistentD.resistant
2.Thepoorgirlspentoverhalfayearinthehospitalbutsheisnow
forit.
A.neverworseB.nonethebetter
C.nonetheworseD.neverbetter
3.Womenhavesignificantadvantagesovermeninspacebecausetheyneedlessfoodandlessoxygenandtheyradiationbetter.
A.standuptoB.standinfor
C.standupforD.standinwith
4.Hewillsimplynotlistentoanybody;heistoargument.
A.imperceptibleB.impervious
C.impassableD.blunt
5.Ifthedisputeisnotsettledina(n)waysoon,thetwocountrieswillcertainlygotowar.
A.amiableB.amicable
C.inimicalD.unfriendly
6.ThefeatureinTed’scharacterwaspride;hecouldn’teverthinkofdependingonanyonebuthimself.
A.controllingB.prevailing
C.predominantD.primary
7.sleepiscrucialtothehealthofadults,newresearchsuggeststhatlackofsleepmayaffectteens’health,too.
A.JustasB.Aslongas
C.DespitethatD.Nomatterhow
8.Teacherscomplainthatchildrenthesetestswithoutbeingabletowriteadecentessay,solveamulti-stepmathproblemorconstructaframework.
A.lookthroughB.carrythrough
C.sailthroughD.putthrough
9.Theprofessionfellinto_______________,withsomephysicistsstickingtoexistingtheories,whileotherscameupwiththebig-bangtheory.
A.harmonyB.turmoil
C.distortionD.accord
10.Hisvioletbehaviorsometimesishispersonalityofshynessandself-consciousness.
A.onconditionofB.inlinewith
C.atoddswithD.indisguiseof
11.Icouldthenrealizethathewasafeverspecialistofworld.
A.renownB.domain
C.prominenceD.authority
12.Plasticbagsareusefulforholdingmanykindsoffood,theircleanness,toughnessandlowcost.Buttheyareharmfultoenvironment.
A.byvirtueofB.inadditionto
C.forthesakeofD.asopposedto
13.Aproductistoberegardedasbeingwhenintroducedintoanothercountryatlessthanitsnormalvalue.
A.dischargedB.discarded
C.disposedD.dumped
14.Thereisaconspicuouslackofpublicdebateabouthowthisinsularcountryshould
therealitythatmoreimmigrantsarecomingandthatthosealreadyherearechangingJapan.
A.abidebyB.accountfor
C.actonD.adjustto
15.Thefactisthatmotherhoodmakestheheaviestdemandsintheareasofleastexperience.
A.thatitmightbecalledB.whatmightbecalled
C.whichmightbecalledD.itmightbecalled
PartTwo:
ReadingComprehension(20Points)
Directions:
Inthissectionthereare4passagesfollowedbyatotalof20multiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyouranswersheet.
Passage1(5points)
“HellisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure–untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.
InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.
Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:
theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThatPACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.
Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.
Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreacttheinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.
Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthoseboughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.
Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfinding.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests–andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject–whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.Theseanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.
Asitusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.
1.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?
A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.
B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.
C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.
D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.
2.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?
A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.
B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.
C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.
D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.
3.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith.
A.unexpectedB.outofcontrol
C.ill-informedD.contradictory
4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?
A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.
B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattesmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.
C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.
D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.
5.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?
A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.
B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.
C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.
D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmentalactivities.
Passage2(5points)
Onceuponatime,theemblematicjazzsingerwasanAfrican-Americanwoman,serenadingasmoke-filledroom.ThinkBillieHolidayandEllaFitzgerald.Today,atalentedcropofcosmopolitanyoungsingersarecreatinganewbreedofjazzvocalist:
theglobalizedchanteuse.Theycomefrommulticulturalbackgrounds,liveallovertheworld,andareinfusingthetraditionalAmericansoundwithnewenergy.Taketoday’srisingstar,26-year-oldSophieMilman.BorninRussia,shefledwithherfamilytoIsraelattheageof7,thensettledinCanadaat16.NowshesellsouttheBlueNotejazzclubinTokyo.Herrootsandherreachareglobal.Inlooksandlanguage,shecouldn’tb
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