考研英国文学复习.docx
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考研英国文学复习.docx
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考研英国文学复习
《英国文学》复习大纲
英国文学本课程重点和难点内容简介
第一章:
古代与中世纪英国文学:
1.<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2.乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。
3.名词解释:
英雄偶句诗体
第二章:
文艺复兴时期:
1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定;2“文艺复兴”的名词解释;3“人文主义”的名词解释;4莎士比亚的“Sonnet18”的主题;5哈姆雷特的性格分析;6英语解释《论学习》中的句子
第三章:
十七世纪英国文学:
1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子
2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义
3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析
第四章:
启蒙运动时期:
1.启蒙运动时期的界定
2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色
3.伤感主义的名词解释
4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析
5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
6.英文解释《论批评》
第五章:
浪漫主义时期:
1.浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点
2.彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作
3.华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义
4.华兹华斯的诗歌特点
5.英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子
6.拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子
7.雪莱“西风颂”的主题并用英语解释其中句子
第六章:
维多利亚时期
1.维多利亚时期的文学特点
2.艾米莉。
布朗特的《呼啸山庄》的主题
3.夏洛特。
布朗特的《简。
爱》中简。
爱的人物分析
第七章:
现代时期
1.现代主义文学的特点
2.哈代的代表作及写作特点
3.劳伦斯小说的主题及人物分析
PartI TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449-1066)
1.TheBritons:
TheEnglishpeopleareofamixedblood.TheearlyinhabitantsintheislandwenowcallEnglandwereBritons,atribeofCelts.FromtheBritonstheislandgotitsname—Britain,thelandofBritons.TheBritonswereaprimitivepeoplelivinginthetribalsociety.
2.TheRomanConquest(R.C):
In55BC,BritainwasinvadedbyJuliusCaesar,theRomanConqueror,(whohadjustoccupiedthepresent-dayFrance).TheBritonsfoughtstubbornly,andwithinacentury,BritonwasnotcompletelyconqueredtotheRomanEmpireuntil78AD.WiththeRomanConquestcametheRomanmodeoflife,e.g.theRomantheatres,baths,somehighways(called“streets”whichjoinsomeofimportantcities). TheRomanoccupationlastedforabout400years,duringwhichtherewerefrequentbattlesbetweenBritonsandRomans.Atthebeginningofthe5thcentury,theRomantroopswerewithdrawn,thusendedtheRomanoccupationinBritain.However,theR.C.ofBritainontheNwholeleftnodeepimpressiononitsnationallife.
3.TheEnglishConquest:
3.1.Thepeopleandlanguage:
AtthesametimeBritainwasinvadedbyswarmsofpirates.Theywere3tribesfromNorthernEurope:
Angles,Saxons,andJutes—theywereTeutonictribes.TheylandedontheBritishcoast,drovetheBritonswestandnorth,andsettleddownthemselves:
TheJutesoccupiedKent,inthesoutheasterncorneroftheisland.TheSaxonstookthesouthernpart,establishedsomesmallkingdomsasWessex,Essex,andSussex.TheAnglesspreadovertheeastmiddlelandandbuiltthekingdomoftheEastAngles.
Gradually,7suchkingdomsaroseinBritain.Bythe7thcentury,thesesmallkingdomswerecombinedintoaunitedkingdomcalledEngland,orthelandofAngles.The3tribeshadmixedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglish,theAnglesbeingthemostnumerousofthe3.Andthe3dialectsspokenbythemnaturallygrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,whichisnowcalledOldEnglish.ItisquitedifferentfromtheEnglishweknowtoday.
3.2.Anglo-SaxonReligiousBeliefandItsInfluence:
TheAnglo-Saxons—heathenpeople,believedintheoldmythologyofNorthernEurope.(ThatiswhytheNorthernmythologyhasleftitsmarksupontheEnglishlanguage.Forexample,thedaysoftheweekinEnglisharenamedafterthenortherngodse.g.Frigga,thebeautifulgoddessgavehernametoFriday.)TheywereChristianizedinthe7thcentury.Monasterieswerebuilt.Atatimeonlythemonkscouldreadandwrite.Inthesemonasteries,therefore,theearliestEnglishbookswerewrittendown.Butsincethemonkshatedtheheathenwritings,theytingedthemwithsomeChristiancolor.
3.3.Literature:
Thus,fromabove,itfallsinto2divisions—pagan(heathen)andChristian.TheformerrepresentsthepoetryorsongwhichtheAnglo-Saxonsprobablybroughtwiththemintheformoforalsagas—thecrude/rawmaterial.Thelatterrepresentsthewritingsdevelopedundertheteachingofthemonks,aftertheoldpaganreligionhadvanished,butstillretaineditsholdonthelifeofthepeople.However,alltheearliestpoetrywascopiedbythemonksandmostwerepreservedinthemonasteries,sotheyhavemoreorlessgivenareligiouscoloring.
3.3.1TheSongofBeowulf:
AlloftheOldEnglishliteraturearepoemsorsongs.Someareshortfragmentsoflongpoems.Butthereisonelongpoemof3182lines—TheSongofBeowulf,thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsorEnglishpeople.ItsheroBeowulfcanbejustlytermedoneofthenationalheroesoftheEnglishpeople.Thewholeepic—2partswithaninterpolationbetweenthem.Thewholesongisessentiallypaganinspiritandsubjectmatter,whiletheinterpolationisobviouslyanadditionmadebytheChristianwhocopiedthesong.
Analysisofitscontent:
A.AfolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAnglo-Saxonsfromtheircontinentalhomes,hadbeenpassedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforeitwaswrittendowninthe10thcenturybyanunknownscribe(discoveredinthe8thcentury).Itsmainstories—thefightwiththemonsters—areevidentlyfolklegendsofprimitivenortherntribes.SuchtribeslivedalongthenorthwesterncoastofEurope.Infrontofthemwasthestormynorthernocean.Theyhadtofightagainstbeasts,struggleagainsttheforcesofnature,whichremainedmysteriouslyunknowntothem.Whenthewarriorsreturnedfromtheirexploitsandvoyages,theywouldtellstoriesofstrangemonstersthatlivedbeneaththeseeorinthemarshesanddarkforests.Theywerebravebutsuperstitious.SuchisthebackgroundofthemarvelousstoriesinBeowulf.
B.Beowulfthehero,grandsimplybyhisdeeds.Faithfultohispeople.Goesaloneinastrangelandtoventurehimselfforthedeliveranceofhispeople,forgettinghimselfinfaceofdeath.
FeaturesofBeowulf:
A.Theuseofalliteration—themoststrikingone.Inalliterativeverse,certainaccentedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.Therearegenerally4accentsinaline,3ofwhichshowalliteration,ascanbeseenonpage5inthetextbook.
B.Theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements.Forexample,Metaphors:
“ring-giver”isusedforking;“hearth-companions”forhisattendantwarriors;“swan’spath”or“whale’spath”forsee;“sea-wood”forship.Suchmetaphorsoccuringreatnumbers.Understatements:
statementwhichisnotstrongenoughtoexpressfactsorfeelingswithfullforce(e.gnotbad=rathergood),differentfromeuphemism(e.g.fallasleep=die).Examplesinthepoemare“nottroublesome”=verywelcome;“neednotpraise”=arighttocondemn.Theygaveanimpressionofreserveandattimesatingeofironicalhumor.ThisqualityisoftenregardedasacharacteristicofTheEnglishpeopleandtheirlanguage
Questions
1.WhataretheAnglo-Saxonreligiousbeliefanditsinfluence?
2.WhataretheformsofliteratureintheAnglo-Saxonperiod?
Whatcharacteristics?
3.WhatpositiondoesTheSongofBeowulfpossessinEnglishhistoryandliterature?
Whatfeaturesdoesithave?
PartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066-1350)orTheFeudalEngland
1.TheDanes’Occupation:
TheDanesoccupiedthecountryin1013afterthedeathoftheAnglo-Saxonking,KingAlfredtheGreat,andhelditfor30years.
2.TheNormanConquest:
In1066cametheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliam,wholaterbecamethekingofEngland.ItwascalledtheNC.WilliamtheconquerorthenconfiscatedthelandsoftheEnglishlords,regardingthewholeEnglandashisown,andbestowedlargepatchesoflandtohisNormanBarons,whointurndividedtheirlandsamongtheirownknights.Thus,hepushedEnglandwellonitswaytofeudalism,andtheNCmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.
3. Romance---------RomanceisaliteratureforminmiddleEnglishliteraturemeansalongcompositioninverseorproseformdealingwiththelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,generallyaknight(骑士).Theknightsareunfailinglydevotedtothekingandthechurch.Theyarecommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,involvinginalargeamountoffightingsfortheirlordsandalwaysencounteringromanticloveaffairs.Inromances,loyaltytokingandlordisrepeatedlyemphasized.Romanceasaformofliterature,istheupperclassliterature.
PartIIIGeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)
TheCanterburyTales:
Chaucer’smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.
TheStory:
Thewholepoemisacollectionoftalesandstoriesmixedtogetheraccordingtoasimpleplan.Onespringday,thepoetintheTabardInninSouthwarkattheendofLondonBridgemeetsacompanyof32pilgrimsreadyforajourneytoSt.ThomasatCanterbury.AtthesuggestionofthehostofInn,theyagreedtoeachtell2storiesgoingand2returningsincethejourneyis60mileslong.Thehostistobethejudgeofthecontest.So128stories,butactuallyonly24.However,thoughincomplete,thesetalescoverpracticallyallthemajortypesofmedievalliterature:
romancesofknightsandideas,folktales,merryandmoral,animalstories,storiesofadventures,etc.Allbut2oftheseareinverse. (Seetextbookpage43-45)
ThePrologue:
providesaframeworkforthetales,comprisesagroupofvividsketchesoftypicalmedievalfigures.Allclassesexcepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasantsarepresentedbythepilgrims.Everyfigureisdrawnwiththeaccuracyofaportrait.NoexaggerationtosaytheProloguesuppliesaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.
Thepoetsucceededinlinkingthe24storiestogetherin2ways:
Thepresenceofthehostservestoconnectthefirsttothelasttales—hegivesaunitytothewholework,inviting,criticizing,admiring,denouncing,butalwayskeepinghimselfinevidence.ThenthereisalsoanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementingeachother.
BrieflyintroducethesignificanceofChaucerinhisCanterburyTale.
(1)HiscontributiontoEnglishliteraturecanbeseenintwoaspects:
a.Realism:
Allkindsofpeopleexceptthehighest(kingandthetopnobility)andthel
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